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Chapter 16 and 17 Learning Targets Bozeman DNA/RNA http://www.bozemanscience.com/027-part-1-dna-rna http://www.bozemanscience.com/027-part-2-dna-rna Crash Course https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8kK2zwjRV0M Hershey Crick Experiment http://media.pearsoncmg.com/bc/bc_campbell_biology_7/media/interactivemedia/activities/load. html?16&A 1. I can explain why researchers originally thought protein was the genetic material. 2. I can summarize the experiments performed by the following scientists and identify the evidence that DNA is the genetic material: Frederick Griffith Avery, McCatrhy and MacLeod Hershey and Chase Chargaff Rosalind Franklin Watson and Crick 3. I can describe the structure of DNA, explain the base-pairing rule and describe its significance Questions to Answer These will be collected: 1. How did the work of TH Morgan and company contribute to the eventual discovery that DNA was the genetic material in the cell? 2. Explain the transformation experiment conducted by Frederick Griffith. What did the results of the experiment suggest? 3. Explain how the work of Avery, McCarty, and McLeod expanded on the work done by Griffith. What did the results of their experiment suggest? 4. Explain the experiment conducted by Hershey and Chase. How did the results of their experiment demonstrate that DNA was the genetic material of bacteriophages? 5. What is important about the work done on DNA by Erwin Chargaff? 6. Explain how the work done by Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins helped inform Watson and Crick’s model of the structure of DNA. 7. Briefly diagram the double helix structure of DNA. Include: a. At least one A,T,C,G per strand. b. Labeled phosphates, deoxyribose, phosphodiester bonds, and the correct number of hydrogen bonds per base pair. c. Make sure to show the anti-parallel orientation of both strands. DNA Replication and Repair 1. I can describe the semiconservative model of replication and the significance of the experiments of Messelson and Stahl. 2. I can describe the process of DNA replication, including the role of the origins of replication and replication forks. a. I can describe the functions of the following molecules in DNA replication: single stranded binding proteis, DNA polymeraseIII, DNA polymeraseI, DNA ligase, helicase, primase. b. I can describe the energy source that drives DNA replication. c. I can define antiparallel and explain why continuous synthesis of both DNA strands is not possible. d. I can distinguish between leading and lagging strands. e. I can explain how the lagging strand is synthesized even though DNA polymerase can add nucleotides only to the 3’ end. f. I can describe the significance of Okazaki fragments. g. I can explain the roles of DNA polymerase, mismatch repair enzymes and nuclease in DNA proofreading and repair. 3. I can describe the structure and function of telomeres. a. can explain the possible significance of telomerase in germ cells and cancerous cells Focus On- Replication only. Answer these questions 1. Diagram the “Central Dogma” of molecular genetics. How does it allow for DNA to serve as both the heritable molecule and code for protein sequence? 2. Explain the experiment conducted by Meselson and Stahl. How did the results of their experiment demonstrate the semi-conservative model of DNA replication was the accurate model? 3. Explain how each of the following enzymes contributes to the process of DNA replication: helicase single-stranded binding proteins DNA polymerase primase ligase Topisomerase/gyrase 4. How does replication of the leading strand differ from replication of the lagging strand? Why can’t both strands of DNA be replicated in the same fashion? 5. Diagram the replication fork. Include: the leading strand the lagging strand prime orientation of both parent strands and both daughter strands. Replisome Okazaki fragments Chapter 17 Bozeman http://www.bozemanscience.com/transcription-translation/?rq=transcription Crash Course https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=itsb2SqR-R0 1. I can distinguish between the one gene – one enzyme hypothesis and the one gene-one polypeptide hypothesis and explain why the original hypothesis was changed. 2. I can explain how information flows from gene to protein a. I can explain how RNA differs from DNA b. I can distinguish between transcription and translation. c. I can compare where transcription and translation occur in prokaryotes and in eukaryotes. d. I can define codon and explain the relationship between the linear sequence of codons on mRNA and the linear sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide. e. I can explain what it means to say that the genetic code is redundant and not ambiguous. f. I can explain the significance of the reading frame during translation. g. I can explain the evolutionary significance of a nearly universal genetic code. 3. I can describe the process of transcription, in detail. a. I can explain how RNA polymerase recognizes where transcription should begin. b. I can describe the promoter, terminator and transcription unit. c. I can describe the general process of transcription including initiation, elongation and termination. d. I can explain RNA processing in eukaryotic organisms. e. I can describe the functional and evolutionary significance of introns. f. I can describe the structure and functions of tRNA, mRNA, rRNA, and snRNA. Focus On Questions Describe protein synthesis in detail, include descriptions of the steps of transcription, processing and translation.