Download Chapter 16

Chapter 16 and 17 Learning Targets
Bozeman DNA/RNA
http://www.bozemanscience.com/027-part-1-dna-rna
http://www.bozemanscience.com/027-part-2-dna-rna
Crash Course
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8kK2zwjRV0M
Hershey Crick Experiment
http://media.pearsoncmg.com/bc/bc_campbell_biology_7/media/interactivemedia/activities/load.
html?16&A
1. I can explain why researchers originally thought protein was the genetic material.
2. I can summarize the experiments performed by the following scientists and identify the
evidence that DNA is the genetic material:
Frederick Griffith
Avery, McCatrhy and MacLeod
Hershey and Chase
Chargaff
Rosalind Franklin
Watson and Crick
3. I can describe the structure of DNA, explain the base-pairing rule and describe its
significance
Questions to Answer These will be collected:
1. How did the work of TH Morgan and company contribute to the eventual discovery that
DNA was the genetic material in the cell?
2. Explain the transformation experiment conducted by Frederick Griffith. What did the
results of the experiment suggest?
3. Explain how the work of Avery, McCarty, and McLeod expanded on the work done by
Griffith. What did the results of their experiment suggest?
4. Explain the experiment conducted by Hershey and Chase. How did the results of their
experiment demonstrate that DNA was the genetic material of bacteriophages?
5. What is important about the work done on DNA by Erwin Chargaff?
6. Explain how the work done by Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins helped inform
Watson and Crick’s model of the structure of DNA.
7. Briefly diagram the double helix structure of DNA. Include:
a. At least one A,T,C,G per strand.
b. Labeled phosphates, deoxyribose, phosphodiester bonds, and the correct
number of hydrogen bonds per base pair.
c. Make sure to show the anti-parallel orientation of both strands.
DNA Replication and Repair
1. I can describe the semiconservative model of replication and the significance of the
experiments of Messelson and Stahl.
2. I can describe the process of DNA replication, including the role of the origins of replication
and replication forks.
a.
I can describe the functions of the following molecules in DNA replication: single
stranded binding proteis, DNA polymeraseIII, DNA polymeraseI, DNA ligase, helicase, primase.
b.
I can describe the energy source that drives DNA replication.
c.
I can define antiparallel and explain why continuous synthesis of both DNA
strands is not possible.
d.
I can distinguish between leading and lagging strands.
e.
I can explain how the lagging strand is synthesized even though DNA
polymerase can add nucleotides only to the 3’ end.
f.
I can describe the significance of Okazaki fragments.
g.
I can explain the roles of DNA polymerase, mismatch repair enzymes and
nuclease in DNA proofreading and repair.
3.
I can describe the structure and function of telomeres.
a. can explain the possible significance of telomerase in germ cells and
cancerous cells
Focus On- Replication only.
Answer these questions
1. Diagram the “Central Dogma” of molecular genetics. How does it allow for DNA to
serve as both the heritable molecule and code for protein sequence?
2. Explain the experiment conducted by Meselson and Stahl. How did the results of their
experiment demonstrate the semi-conservative model of DNA replication was the accurate
model?
3. Explain how each of the following enzymes contributes to the process of DNA replication:
helicase
single-stranded binding proteins
DNA polymerase
primase
ligase
Topisomerase/gyrase
4. How does replication of the leading strand differ from replication of the lagging strand? Why
can’t both strands of DNA be replicated in the same fashion?
5. Diagram the replication fork. Include:
the leading strand
the lagging strand
prime orientation of both parent strands and both daughter strands.
Replisome
Okazaki fragments
Chapter 17
Bozeman
http://www.bozemanscience.com/transcription-translation/?rq=transcription
Crash Course
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=itsb2SqR-R0
1. I can distinguish between the one gene – one enzyme hypothesis and the one gene-one
polypeptide hypothesis and explain why the original hypothesis was changed.
2. I can explain how information flows from gene to protein
a. I can explain how RNA differs from DNA
b. I can distinguish between transcription and translation.
c. I can compare where transcription and translation occur in prokaryotes and in
eukaryotes.
d. I can define codon and explain the relationship between the linear sequence of
codons on mRNA and the linear sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide.
e. I can explain what it means to say that the genetic code is redundant and not
ambiguous.
f.
I can explain the significance of the reading frame during translation.
g. I can explain the evolutionary significance of a nearly universal genetic code.
3. I can describe the process of transcription, in detail.
a.
I can explain how RNA polymerase recognizes where transcription should begin.
b.
I can describe the promoter, terminator and transcription unit.
c.
I can describe the general process of transcription including initiation, elongation
and termination.
d.
I can explain RNA processing in eukaryotic organisms.
e.
I can describe the functional and evolutionary significance of introns.
f.
I can describe the structure and functions of tRNA, mRNA, rRNA, and snRNA.
Focus On Questions
Describe protein synthesis in detail, include descriptions of the steps of transcription, processing
and translation.