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Name ___________________________________ Projected Test Date: ___________ Natual Selection and Evolution Things You Should Know Honors Biology √ Date Topic What is a theory? How does Evolution fit into the category of a theory? Define species. How can we tell whether 2 organisms are members of the same species? How do adaptations help organisms survive in their environments? Give several examples. How do variations develop within a population? (3 ways) What is natural selection? How does it work on variations? Can 2 organisms occupy the same niche? What happens when niches overlap? Discuss the ideas of Charles Bonnet and Jean-Baptist Lamarck. Explain how Darwin’s idea of natural selection developed as a result of his travels, and his readings of other scientists. What is artificial selection? How does it provide support for natural selection? Relate the study of genetics to that of population genetics and discuss factors that can affect gene-pool equilibrium Explain the Hardy-Weinberg model Explain genetic drift and contrast its effects on large and small populations. Discuss the role of quantitative traits in microevolution. *Quiz Describe the origin of the universe and probable conditions on early Earth Evaluate hypotheses about the origin of life and identify the probable characteristics of early life-forms Distinguish between chemical and biological evolution Describe the fossil record for prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Explain homology and give examples of homologous structures Describe how the general characteristics of the 5 kingdoms differ. Cite evidence from fossils, ecology, and homologies that support the theory of evolution Discuss the genetic and molecular evidence for evolution Discuss isolation mechanisms that can cause speciation Describe the patterns in evolution such as punctuated equilibrium Describe how modern humans differ from other primates Evaluate the techniques used to study evolutionary relationships in humans Compare early hominids with Homo erectus and Homo sapiens Give reasons for the difference in the gene pools of modern human populations. *Quiz Vocabulary: Species Niche Variation Adaptation Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics Name ___________________________________ Macroevolution Microevolution Polymorphism Gene Pool Gene flow Genetic drift Population bottleneck Projected Test Date: ___________ Genetic Equilibrium Allele frequency Normal, disruptive, and directional selection Inbreeding The Big Bang Endosymbiosis Heterotroph Hypothesis Homologous structure Embryology Gradualism Speciation Coevolution Vestigial structure Pseudogenes Punctuated Equilibrium Divergent Evolution Adaptive radiation Analogous structure Primate Australopithecines Hominid Hominoid Convergent Evolution Answer the following questions on separate paper. Prologue: Pages 6 – 13 1. How does a hypothesis differ from a theory? Give a concrete example of each. 2. Describe the theory of evolution by means of natural selection. 3. Describe how natural selection operates on species. 16.1 – 16.3 1. Would a change in allele frequencies be more likely to produce microevolution or macroevolution? Explain. 2. Explain why the concept of gene pools applies to populations but not to species. 3. What does the Hardy-Weinberg model predict will happen to allele frequencies in a polymorphic population from generation to generation? 16.4 – 16.6 1. What are the main forces that change gene pools? Explain how they work. 2. Explain how modern ideas about microevolution combine the ideas of Charles Darwin and Gregor Mendel. 19.1 – 19.3 1. What evidence did the Galapagos Islands provide for evolution by means of natural selection? 2. How does evolution play a role in the development of antibiotic-resistant bacteria? 3. What is the significance of a nearly universal genetic code with respect to evolution? Name ___________________________________ Projected Test Date: ___________ 19.4 – 19.5 1. What are isolating mechanisms? How do they operate? 2. What is polyploidy? What is its connection to speciation? 17.1 – 17.2 1. What was the big bang? What evidence supports the theory of the expanding universe? 2. What gases were probably in Earth’s early atmosphere? What is the evidence? 3. Explain why free oxygen gas probably was not in the early atmosphere of Earth. 17.3 – 17.5 1. What is the heterotroph hypothesis? 2. Summarize the three steps in the Oparin-Haldane hypothesis for the origin of life. 3. How does the discovery of catalytic RNA help to solve the chicken-and-egg problem in the origin of life? 4. What is the strongest reason for thinking that the first self-replicating life-form was not a protein? 17.6 – 17.7 1. What characteristics make methanogens and related bacteria good candidates for being the first organisms? 2. Explain the idea of endosymbiosis. What evidence supports the idea that mitochondria and plastids originated from free-living prokaryotes? 20.1 – 20.4 1. What characteristics distinguish primates from other mammals? 2. What are some of the most important skeletal features used to make comparisons between apes and humans? 3. How are biochemical comparisons helpful in determining evolutionary relationships? 20.5 – 20.7 1. Explain the evolutionary relationship between modern humans and modern chimpanzees or gorillas. 2. Summarize the major evolutionary changes in the hominids since they last shared a common ancestor with any other primates. 3. Compare the out-of-Africa and multiregional hypotheses for the origin of modern humans.