Download 1st Quarter Exam – Review Topics

Benchmark One Test – Review Sheet
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1. A student noticed that when a dog is cut, the dog periodically licks its wounds. Usually after a few
days, the wound begins to heal without ever showing signs of infection. The following steps outline
the student's line of reasoning:
a. I wonder why the dog's wound doesn't become infected.
b. The dog's saliva must prevent the growth of infection-causing bacteria.
c. I'll obtain a bacterial culture and grow the same kind of bacteria in two identical culture
dishes. Once the bacteria start growing, I'll add dog saliva to only one of the dishes and leave
the other alone. I'll cover both dishes. Then I'll observe what happens each day for a week.
d. Even after adding the dog saliva to one of the dishes, the bacteria continued to grow in both
dishes over the course of the week. However, the bacteria in the treated dish grew more
slowly than the bacteria in the untreated dish.
e. I think I'll try something else. I'll start with two identical culture dishes, as before, and use
the same kind of bacteria in each dish, but this time I'll treat one dish with dog saliva before
I add the bacteria. I'll observe what happens each day for a week.
i. What was the student’s hypothesis?
The dog's saliva must prevent the growth of infection-causing bacteria
ii. Which step described the experimental set up?
C
iii. Identify the control
The dish that he left alone without saliva
iv. What is the independent variable?
The dog's saliva
v. What is the dependent variable?
the growth of infection-causing bacteria
vi. What data did the student collect?
The bacteria continued to grow in both dishes over the course of the week.
However, the bacteria in the treated dish grew more slowly than the bacteria
in the untreated dish.
vii. What is a possible conclusion from this experiment?
That the dog's saliva did slow down the growth of infection-causing bacteria
viii. Is that conclusion a fact or an inference?
inference
2. What is the purpose of a hypothesis? How do you test it?
State a testable explanation for the situation that you observed
With an experiment
3. What is the difference between the control group and the experimental group?
Control – all conditions are kept the same
Experimental – conditions match that of the control except for the one factor being tested
4. In your seed lab, what was the control group? What were the experimental groups?
Control – tap water
Exp – pond and sea water
5. How does sample size affect the results of an experiment?
A large sample size increases the reliability of results and decreases the effect of errors on
the outcome
6. What were the variables in your seed lab?
Time, types of water
7. List and describe the levels of organization in Biology.
Atoms – smallest unit that makes up an element
Molecules – two or more atoms together
Organelle - Structure within a cell that has a specific function for cell survival
Cells – basic structural unit of an organism
Tissue – a group of the same type of cell working together
Organ – a collection of tissues that perform a function in an organism
System – a group of organs working together for a common purpose
Organism - one individual that has all the characteristics of life
Population - a group of organisms
Community – a collection of populations
Ecosystem - several communities including the abiotic components of the
environment
8. Which level of organization in Biology is the simplest? Which is the most complex?
Atom
ecosystem
9. How do autotrophs obtain energy? How do heterotrophs obtain energy?
Capture energy from the sun
They must get energy by consuming food
10. If a system had four trophic levels, how much energy would be available at each level if the
producers (autotrophs) had 10,000 kcal of energy?
10,000 kcal  1,000 kcal  100 kcal  10 kcal
11. Why is only 10% of the energy of the first trophic level available to the animals that feed on
autotrophs?
Some energy is used my the organisms at each level and some is lost as heat
12. Why would a top predator have higher levels of a contaminant than its prey that was actually
exposed to the contaminant?
The contaminants bioaccumulate in the bodies at each level.
13. What is the difference between a habitat and a niche?
Habitat - The place where an organism lives
Niche - The role an organism plays in its environment including all of the biotic and abiotic
needs for survival.
14. Can two organisms share a habitat? Can they share a niche?
Yes, No – they will compete and try to drive the other out
15. Create a food chain and identify the producer, primary consumer, secondary consumer, and tertiary
consumer.
Lettuce – rabbit – fox – bear
Producer – primary consumer – secondary consumer – tertiary consumer
16. What happens to two organisms when they compete for the same niche?
they will compete and try to drive the other out
17. What is the difference between density-dependent and density-independent factors? Give example
of each.
Density-Dependent - increased effect as population increases (more organisms, more risk)
Disease, Competition, Parasites, Predation
Density-Independent - affect all populations regardless of their density (more organisms,
same risk)
Temperature, storms, natural disasters, drought, habitat destruction, pollution
18. Describe and give an example of each of the following symbiotic relationships:
a. Commensalism - Spanish moss, barnacles on a whale, burdock seeds
b. Mutualism - Acacia tree and ants, lichens (algae and fungus)
c. Parasitism - Tapeworms, heartworms, bacteria, ticks, fleas, mistletoe
19. What is succession? Draw a simple drawing depicting succession.
Natural changes and species replacements in communities of an ecosystem
20. What is primary succession? Give an example.
When organisms colonies new areas (that have never had life)
– Lava destroying all life in its path and forms new land
– An avalanche exposes new areas and ledges
– A city street has never before had life growing from it.
21. What is secondary succession? Give an example.
When organisms colonize an area that once had life that was wiped out
natural disaster or human actions disrupting or destroying a community
22. If you stopped mowing your lawn, how would that affect the plant and animal populations that used
to live there?
The conditions may become unsuitable for certain organisms and plants and become more
suitable for other. It may start supporting larger plants and animals.
23. The stable ecosystem established after a succession is called a ________________.
Climax community
24. Energy ________ through an ecosystem while nutrient materials are __________.
Flows, cycled (recycled)
25. Describe what happens to water in the following processes of the water cycle.
a. Evaporation – water leaves lakes, oceans and other bodies and enters the atmosphere
b. Transpiration – water is lost from the leaves of plants and enters the atmosphere
c. Condensation – water in the atmosphere condenses to form clouds
d. Precipitation – water in the clouds falls to the earth
e. Run-off – water flows from the surface of the earth into bodies of water
26. Who is responsible for the nitrogen fixation that occurs in the nitrogen cycle?
Nitrogen-fixing bacteria
27. In the carbon cycle, what type of organism depends upon the carbon dioxide in the atmosphere?
plants
28. Compare and contrast Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells.
Prokaryotes
Do NOT have membrane-bound organelles
Eukaryotes
DO have membrane-bound organelles
29. What organisms fall into the category of Prokaryotes?
Bacteria
30. How do you determine the total magnification of a microscope? What would the total magnification
be if you were using the 10x objective lens? 40x?
objective lens x eye piece = total magnification
400x
31. List the three parts of the Cell Theory.
1. All organisms are composed of one or more cells
2. The cell is the basic unit of organization of organisms
3. All cells come from preexisting cells
32. Label the parts of the cell.
33. Describe the function of each of the organelles below.
a. Cell membrane
- Boundary of the cell
- Controls what goes in and out of the cell through the selectively permeable
membrane
- Maintains cell’s homeostasis
b. Cytoplasm
A semi-fluid material that contains the molecules and organelles in the cell
c. Nucleus
Functions in the genetic control of the cell
Chromosomes made of DNA
d. Nuclear membrane
- Surrounds the nucleus
- Regulates the materials that pass between the nucleus and the cytoplasm
e. Mitochondria
Site of cellular respiration, a process that provides the cell with energy
f. Endoplasmic reticulum
ER is a complex, extensive network that transports materials throughout the inside
of the cell
g. Golgi apparatus
Modifies, collects, packages, and
distributes molecules within the cell or
outside the cell
h. Ribosomes
Site of Protein synthesis
i.
Cell Wall
Gives the cell added support and protection
j.
Chloroplasts
Contain the pigment chlorophyll that absorbs energy from sunlight to convert carbon
dioxide and water into sugar during photosynthesis
k. Lysosome
Small organelles containing digestive enzymes to break down food particles, worn
out organelles, bacteria, and viruses into particles that can be used by the rest of the
cell
34. What might the presence of many mitochondria indicate about a cell?
That cell most likely needs a great deal of energy to perform its functions
35. Answer the following questions about the graph above.
a. How much rain fell in Mar of 1989? ~6 inches
b. How much more rain fell in Feb of 1990 than in Feb of 1989? ~2 inches
c. Which year had the most rainfall? 1989: 4+2+6+8+6+2 = 28 inches
1990: 2+4+2+7+5+8=28 inches
d. What is the wettest month on the graph? April 1989