Download Pre-AP Biology

1st
Pre-AP Biology
Semester Final Study Guide
Quick Study – VOCABULARY!
Chapter 1:
The Science of Biology
1.
What is the goal of science?
2.
What is the difference between qualitative and quantitative data?
3.
What is the difference between observation and inference?
4.
What is the difference between a hypothesis and a conclusion in the scientific method?
5.
What are the main steps of the Scientific Method?
6.
What is spontaneous generation? Explain how the 4 major scientists disproved spontaneous generation.
7.
Explain the difference between the independent and dependent variables of an experiment.
8.
Why should scientists repeat their experiments?
9.
Define biology:
10.
What are the 8 characteristics living things share?
11.
What is the difference between unicellular and multicellular organisms?
12.
Explain the difference between the 2 types of reproduction.
13.
Define metabolism.
14.
What is the difference between stimuli and response?
15.
Define homeostasis. Why is homeostasis so important to living beings?
16.
What measuring system is used in science?
17.
Why are graphs important in science?
18.
Explain the differences between the major microscopes used in biology.
19.
Why would a biologist study cells using cell cultures? cell fractionation?
20.
Understand the safety rules for the Biology Laboratory.
Chapter 2:
The Chemistry of Life
1.
What are the 4 main parts of an atom and where are they found?
2.
What is chemistry and why is it important to biology?
3.
What is the difference between an element and it’s isotope?
4.
Explain the difference between the atomic number, mass number, and atomic weight of an atom.
5.
How are isotopes radioactive?
6.
What is the difference between an element and a compound?
7.
How are compounds held together?
8.
What are the 2 main kinds of chemical bonds? How are the different?
9.
How are molecules and van de Waals forces related?
10.
Why is water so important to living beings?
11.
Is water polar or nonpolar?
12.
What bond holds water together?
13.
Give examples of cohesion and adhesion.
14.
What is the difference between a mixture, solution, and suspension?
15.
Explain how solute and solvents make a solution.
16.
What makes an acid an acid and a base a base?
17.
How many valence electrons does C have? Why is C an important element in biology?
18.
What is the difference between monomers, polymers, and macromolecules?
19.
How do monomers become polymers?
20.
What are the four groups of organic compounds found in living things? Know their chemical
compositions, functions in living things, and some examples.
21.
What is a monosaccharide, disaccharide, and a polysaccharide?
22.
What is the difference between starch and glycogen?
23.
Define saturated, unsaturated, and polyunsaturated.
24.
What is the difference between RNA and DNA?
25.
What are the monomers of nucleic acids and proteins?
26.
How many amino acids? What makes each amino acid different? What are the 4 levels of amino acid
structure?
27.
Why are chemical reactions important to biology?
28.
What are the reactants and products in a chemical reaction?
29.
What is the energy needed to get a chemical reaction started?
30.
What is an enzyme? How do enzymes work?
Chapter 3:
The Biosphere
1.
What is the study of ecology and why is it important in biology?
2.
What are the 12 levels of organization in biology? (cell  biosphere)
3.
Explain the difference between biosphere, biome, ecosystem, community, population, and species.
4.
What are the 3 main ways ecologists use to study the living world?
5.
What is the difference between autotrophs and heterotrophs?
6.
What are the 2 main ways autotrophs obtain energy?
7.
What are the 5 main types of heterotrophs?
8.
How does energy flow through an ecosystem?
9.
Explain the difference between a food web and a food chain.
10.
List at least 4 trophic levels in a food chain or web.
11.
Explain the 3 kinds of ecological pyramids.
12.
95% of the body is made of what 4 elements?
13.
How is the Law of Conservation of Matter related to recycling in the biosphere?
14.
Understand the water, nutrient, carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus cycles.
15.
How are evaporation and transpiration important to the water cycle?
16.
What are the 4 main types of processes move carbon through its cycle?
17.
How is CO2 released back into the atmosphere?
18.
What is the difference between nitrogen fixation and denitrification?
19.
Which element does not enter the atmosphere in its cycle?
20.
What are the factors that control the rate of primary productivity?
21.
How do limiting nutrients affect the ecosystem?
22.
What is an algal bloom?
Chapter 4:
Ecosystems and Communities
1.
What is the difference between climate and weather?
2.
What drives Earth’s weather and helps determine climate?
3.
What is the greenhouse effect?
4.
What is the effect of latitude on climate?
5.
What are the Earth’s 3 main climate zones?
6.
How is heat transported in the biosphere?
7.
What are abiotic and biotic factors? Give some examples.
8.
What is the difference between an organism’s habitat and it’s niche?
9.
What are 3 interactions that affect an ecosystem? Explain all 3.
10.
What is the competitive exclusion principle?
11.
List the 3 types of symbiosis and explain the difference between the 3.
12.
What is the series of predictable changes that occurs in a community over time?
13.
Explain the differences between the 2 types of succession.
14.
What are pioneer species and how are they important to succession? Give some examples.
15.
What is a biome?
16.
What are adaptations and tolerance?
17.
How does climate affect a biome?
18.
List the 10 different biomes – know the major characteristics of these biomes.
19.
How are mountain ranges and polar ice caps considered biomes?
20.
What are the major aquatic biomes? Know their major characteristics.
21.
What are 3 main types of wetlands?
22.
Define detritus.
23.
Describe the photic and aphotic zones of the marine ecosystem.
24.
What are the 3 zones marine biologists divide the ocean into based on depth and distance from shore?
25.
What are kelp forests, coral reefs, open ocean and the benthic zones?
Chapter 5:
Populations
1.
What are 4 important characteristics of a population?
2.
What are 3 factors that affect population size?
3.
Explain the difference between immigration and emigration and how they affect population size.
4.
What is the difference between logistic and exponential growth? How are their curves different?
5.
Explain how carrying capacity of a population affects its growth.
6.
Describe the 5 limiting factors that affect population growth. Which are density independent? density
dependent?
7.
Why did early human population growth increase slowly? What made the growth pattern increase?
8.
What is demography and the demographic transition?
9.
What 2 countries are leading the world in population growth? Are they doing anything to limit growth?
10.
Be able to understand age structure diagrams.
Chapter 6:
Humans in the Biosphere
1.
Why is the Earth considered an island?
2.
Describe the 4 human activities affect the biosphere.
3.
What is the green revolution? What challenges are coupled with the green revolution?
4.
How can the “tragedy of the commons” and sustainable resources be related?
5.
What is the difference between renewable and nonrenewable resources?
6.
What are 5 resources that human effect? How do humans affect these resources negatively and
positively?
7.
What is biodiversity? List 3 types of biodiversity.
8.
How are humans threatening biodiversity?
9.
What is the difference between extinct, endangered and threatened species?
10.
Explain biological magnification? Give an example.
11.
How do introduced species affect the environment?
12.
How can we conserve the Earth’s biodiversity?
13.
What are the 2 major systems being affected by humans today? What are the possible effects?
Chapter 7:
Cell Structure & Function
1.
Who are the 5 main scientists that help understand the cell? What did they do?
2.
What are the 3 main parts of the cell theory?
3.
How did the 5 types of microscopes help discover the science of cells?
4.
What are the 2 main differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?
5.
What is the endosymbiotic theory?
6.
How are concentration and diffusion related?
7.
When is equilibrium reached?
8.
What is osmosis? Describe the 3 different osmotic solutions.
9.
How is osmotic pressure important to biology?
10.
What is the difference between facilitated diffusion and active transport?
11.
What is the difference between endocytosis and exocytosis?
12.
What is cell specialization?
13.
Describe the 4 levels of organization in an organism.
14.
Complete the table of cell organelles found on the last page.
Chapters 8 & 9:
Photosynthesis and Respiration
1.
Where is the energy organisms use stored?
2.
What is ATP? What are the 3 parts of ATP?
3.
What are some uses of ATP?
4.
Explain the 3 main experiments used to discover the overall process of photosynthesis. Be sure to
remember the scientists’ names.
5.
What are the chemical equations for photosynthesis and respiration and how are they related?
6.
What are the main pigments used for photosynthesis? How does the visible light spectrum relate to
photosynthesis?
7.
Label and know the functions of the parts of a chloroplast.
8.
Label and know the functions of the parts of a mitochondrion.
9.
What are the 2 main reactions of photosynthesis? How are they different?
PS II
PS I
Uses:
Produces:
Location:
Light needed?
10.
What are the electron carriers used in photosynthesis and respiration? Why are electron carriers
important?
11.
What are the 5 main steps of the light dependent reactions? Use the table below:
Light dependent reaction table:
Steps 
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Uses:
Produces:
Location:
12.
What are the 4 main steps of the light independent reactions?
13.
What are the limiting factors of photosynthesis and respiration?
14.
What is a calorie?
15.
What are the 2 main types of respiration and how are they different?
16.
What are the 3 main steps of aerobic respiration? Fill in the table below:
Steps 
1.
2.
3.
Uses:
Produces (w/
#’s):
Location:
E- carriers?
17.
What are the 3 main steps in the electron transport chain?
18.
What are the 2 types of anaerobic respiration? Where do they occur? How many ATPs are produced?
19.
Which respiration process is more efficient and why?
20.
What are the 3 main processes the body uses for energy during exercise?
21.
What is the difference between aerobic and anaerobic exercise?
Chapter 10:
Cell Growth & Division
1.
When an organism grows, does each cell increase in size, or does it produce more cells? Give 3 reasons
why.
2.
What is the relationship between surface area, volume, and cell division?
3.
What are the 2 main stages of cell division?
4.
How do unicellular organisms reproduce?
5.
What are the 4 phases of mitosis? Be able to label and describe what is occurring in each phase.
6.
How are chromosomes, chromatids, and centromeres related?
7.
What are the 4 phases of the cell cycle?
8.
What are the 3 parts of interphase?
9.
How are centrioles and spindle fibers used in mitosis?
10.
How is cytokinesis different in animal and plant cells?
11.
What are 2 controls on cell division?
12.
What is a cell cycle regulator?
13.
What are internal and external regulators?
14.
What happens to cells that do not respond to signals that regulate growth of most cells?
15.
How are tumors and metastasis related to cancer?
16.
Can we do anything to not get cancer? If so, what?
Chapter 11:
Introduction to Genetics
1.
Why did Mendel study peas?
2.
What is the relationship between traits, alleles, genes, and chromosomes?
3.
Why was Mendel’s work successful?
4.
What is the difference between a true breed and a hybrid?
4.
Summarize Mendel’s 4 principles.
5.
How does a Punnett Square show probability?
6.
Be able to answer Punnett Square questions.
7.
Define homozygous and heterozygous. Give some examples.
8.
Define genotype and phenotype. Give some examples.
9.
What are the gametes of a self pollination of a RrYy dihybrid?
10.
Why is a testcross used?
11.
What is the difference between incomplete dominance and codominance?
12.
What is the difference between multiple alleles and polygenic traits?
13.
What is the importance of meiosis?
14.
What is the difference between meiosis and mitosis?
15.
What is the difference between haploid and diploid?
16.
What are the 10 phases of meiosis? Be able to label and describe what is occurring in each phase.
17.
How are homologous chromosomes, tetrads, synapses, crossing overs, and chiasmata related?
18.
What does meiosis form in males? females?
19.
What is the importance of gene linkage?
20.
What is a gene map and how is it used?
21.
How does meiosis lead to genetic variation?
Chapter 12:
DNA & RNA
1.
Understand the experiments that lead up to the discovery of the structure of DNA.
2.
What are DNA’s 3 main jobs?
3.
What is the structure of DNA?
4.
What are the 4 nucleotides of DNA?
5.
What is the difference between purines and pyrimidines?
6.
What are Chargaff’s rules?
7.
Fill in the following table:
Prokaryote
Eukaryote
Where DNA?
Number/shape
Length of DNA
# base pairs
8.
How are chromosomes, DNA, histones, nucleosome, and chromatin related?
9.
What are the 3 main steps in DNA replication? Where does it occur?
10.
What are the enzymes used in DNA replication?
11.
Is it important for DNA replication to be exact? Why or why not?
12.
Fill in the following table:
DNA
Sugar
# strands
Nucleotides
13.
What are the 3 types of RNA and their jobs?
14.
What are the 4 main steps in transcription? Where does it occur?
15.
What enzymes is used in DNA replication?
16.
How are codons produced?
17.
What are the 3 main steps in translation? Where does it occur?
18.
Draw a flow chart of how proteins are made.
19.
What are the 2 kinds of mutations? Know their differences.
20.
What are the 3 kinds of point mutations? Know their differences.
21.
What are the 4 kinds of chromosomal mutations? Know their differences.
22.
What is the significance of mutations?
23.
How are genes expressed or not expressed?
24.
Define promoter sequences and enhancer sequences.
25.
How do eukaryotes and prokaryotes differ in cell expression?
RNA
Chapter 13:
Genetic Engineering
1.
Understand the history of genetic engineering.
2.
Why is selective breeding, hybridization, inbreeding, and increased variation important to our world?
3.
What can cause increased variation?
4.
List at least 4 ways scientists can manipulate DNA.
5.
How can DNA be cut?
6.
How can DNA be separated?
7.
How can DNA be cut, pasted, and copied?
8.
What is cell transformation?
9.
How can bacteria, plant cells and animal cells be transformed?
10.
What is a transgenic species? Give some examples.
11.
How has genetic engineering improved our lives?
12.
What is cloning? Explain some of the ethical problems with cloning.
Chapter 14:
The Human Genome
1.
What is a karyotype? How is it arranged?
2.
Explain the difference between autosomes and sex chromosomes?
3.
Why are pedigree charts important?
4.
What is the nature vs. nurture argument?
5.
Approximately how many genes and base pairs are in the human genome?
6.
What are Rh+ and Rh- blood groups?
7.
What are the 3 alleles for the ABO blood types? What is the difference between the blood types?
8.
Fill in the following table:
Blood type
Receive Blood?
Give Blood?
OO
AB
AA, AO
BB, BO
9.
How does someone get a recessive genetic disorder? Give some examples.
10.
How does someone get a dominant genetic disorder? Give some examples.
11.
How does someone get a codominant genetic disorder? Give an example.
12.
Describe 2 diseases caused by a single gene mutation.
13.
What are sex linked genes? Give3 examples.
14.
How is a Barr body related to an X chromosome inactiviation?
15.
How does nondisjunction occur? Give some examples.
16.
How do Turner’s and Klinefelter’s syndromes occur?
Organelle
Function
17.
Why is DNA testing used?
18.
Why is DNA fingerprinting used?
19.
What were the 6 goals of the Human Genome Project?
20.
Why is rapid sequencing used?
21.
How is gene therapy used?
Prokaryote or
Eukaryote
Plant or
Animal
Study well!
Take study breaks!
Don’t cram!
Eat a healthy breakfast the mornings of your finals!
Don’t worry – it’s only 100 Multiple Choice questions!
Enjoy your holiday break!
Plasma Membrane
Cell Wall
Nucleus
Chromatin
Nuclear envelope
Nucleolus
Cytoplasm
Endoplasmic
Reticulum
Ribosomes
Golgi
Apparatus
Vacuole
Lysosome
Chloroplast
Mitochondria
Cytoskeleton
Cilia
Flagella
Centriole
Organelles of the Cell