Download Chapter 6 and 9 - Wando High School

3rd Quarter Test Review Sheet
DNA and Protein Synthesis
1. Describe the three parts of a DNA nucleotide.
Deoxyribose, phosphate group, and a nitrogen base (A,T,C,G)
2. Describe the three parts of a RNA nucleotide.
Ribose, phosphate group, and a nitrogen base (A,U,C,G)
3. What is the primary function of DNA?
Holds the code for building proteins
4. What is the primary function of mRNA?
Copies the code from DNA and brings it to the ribosome
5. What is the primary function of tRNA?
Brings the amino acids to the ribosome for translation
6. What is Replication?
Making a copy of an entire DNA molecule
7. List the steps of DNA Replication.
a. DNA is un zipped and unwound by the enzyme helicase
b. The enzyme Polymerase attaches and reads the DNA
c. DNA nucleotides find their compliments on each side of the DNA strand
d. New bases keep attaching until two identical molecules of DNA are completed.
8. Determine the complementary strand of DNA that would attach to the strand
ATTGCGTGCATG.
TAACGCACGTAC
9. What is Transcription?
Making a copy of a segment of DNA using a strand of mRNA
10. List the steps of Transcription.
a. Copying the portion of DNA that carries the code for a protein is called
transcription.
b. RNA polymerase unwinds a portion of DNA
c. RNA nucleotides find their compliment
d. The RNA strand (mRNA) releases from the DNA strand when the termination
signal is reached
e. mRNA strand is edited and released from the nucleus
11. What is Translation?
Translating the sequence of nucleotides into a sequence of amino acids
12. List the steps of Translation.
a. mRNA joins with the ribosome forming a Ribosome-mRNA complex
b. Amino acids are brought to the ribosome by tRNA
c. tRNA anticodons find their compliment codon on the mRNA
d. Peptide bonds forms between the amino acids forming a polypeptide
e. Translation stops when a stop codon is reached
13. Where are proteins synthesized? (name the organelle)
ribosomes
14. Describe how a protein is excreted from a cell.
a. The polypeptide chain that is made during translation is sent to the endoplasmic
reticulum (ER) for any further structural components
b. Golgi bodies package the protein and send it to the cell membrane
c. The protein is then secreted from the cell and sent where the body needs it
Diagrams to know (see handouts, notes, and book):
DNA Structure ---- Translation Process ----- Phases of Mitosis
Meiosis
1. The chromosomes in the body cells of most animals and plants occur in _________. One chromosome
in the pair came from the _____ parent and one came from the _________ parent.
Pairs; male; female
2. The pairs of chromosomes are called _____________ chromosomes. Each has genes for the ________
__________. Is the DNA on these chromosomes identical?
Homologous; same traits; No, the DNA is not identical – their DNA does code for the same
traits
3. Cells with two of each kind of chromosome are called ______________. The symbol for this is _____.
Diploid; 2n
4. Which type of cells in an organism contain only one of each kind of chromosome? Cells with one of each
kind of chromosome are called ______________. The symbol for this is _____.
Gametes; haploid; n
5. Two haploid cells unite during __________ resulting in a __________ cell called a ___________.
Fertilization; diploid; zygote
6. Humans have _____ pairs of chromosomes (____ total chromosomes). Humans have 22 pairs of
____________ and 1 pair of ________________.
23; 46; autosomes; sex chromosomes
7. Mitosis divides a diploid cell into ______ _______ cells. Meiosis divides a diploid cell into _______
_________ cells.
2 diploid; 4 haploid
8. An organism with 50 chromosomes in a liver cell would have _______ chromosomes in a gamete.
25
9. Meiosis takes place in the _________ of an organism.
Gonads
10. In animals, the process of meiosis produces ________ in males and ________ in females.
Sperm; eggs
11. List the eight phases of Meiosis.
Prophase I, Metaphase I, Anaphase I, Telophase I, Prophase II, Metaphase II, Anaphase II,
Telophase II
12. Describe what happens during Interphase. Draw how a cell may appear during this phase.
DNA is replicated
Chromosomes are not yet visible
Proteins and RNA are synthesized
Cell is preparing for Meiosis
13. Is there an Interphase between Meiosis I and Meiosis II?
No
14. Describe crossing over and when it takes place?
Homologous chromosomes (one pair of sister chromatids from the mother and one from the
father) pair up to form a tetrad
The tetrad pairs up so tightly that crossing over occurs
Nonsister chromatids wind around each other and genetic material may be exchanged
15. Explain why genes that are close together would experience less crossing over than those that are further
apart.
The further the genes are from each other on the chromosome, the more likely that crossing over
would occur between them
16. The four haploid cells produced by meiosis will become __________.
Gametes
17. What are two ways that meiosis has a role in maintaining the variability among those in a species?
Sexual reproduction – different gametes from different organisms add to the variability in
offspring
Crossing over – this allows for genetic recombination so each gamete is different from the next
18. How does meiosis keep a constant number of chromosomes in each generation?
If two diploid gametes fused, each offspring would have double the chromosome number as the
parent. Meiosis reduces the chromosome number by half in gametes so when they fuse together
the zygote has the same number as the parents
19. List and describe the four types of chromosomal mutations that can happen when a chromosome breaks
and does not repair itself correctly.
Deletion – a chromosomal mutation that occurs when part of the chromosome is left out
Insertion – a chromosomal mutation that occurs when a part of the chromosome breaks off and
attaches to its sister chromatid
Inversion – a chromosomal mutation that occurs when a part of the chromosome breaks off and
is reinserted backwards
Translocation – a chromosomal mutation that occurs when a part of the chromosome breaks off
and is added to another chromosome
20. _________________ is when homologous chromosomes do not separate properly during meiosis. This
can lead to a gamete with an _____________________ or ____________________.
Nondisjunction; extra copy of a chromosome; no copy at all
21. What is Monosomy?
When a zygote gets only one copy of a chromosome (One from one parent and none from the
other)
22. What is the survival rate of most zygotes with monosomy? What is the exception to this case?
Most do not survive; The exception is Turner’s Syndrome – females have only one X
chromosome
23. What is Trisomy?
When a zygote has three copies of a chromosome (One from one parent and two from the other)
24. Describe two examples of conditions caused by trisomy.
Down Syndrome – Three chromosome 21
Klinefelter’s Syndrome – Two X chromosomes and one Y (XXY)
25. What is a karyotype and how can it help diagnose chromosomal disorders?
A picture taken of paired chromosomes during metaphase – you can see if any chromosomes are
missing or extra
Genetics
1. The passing on of characteristics from parents to offspring is known as ____________. The study of
patterns of inheritance and variations in organisms is called ______________.
Heredity; Genetics
2. Gregor Mendel studied ________ plants.
pea
3. What is the difference between pollination and fertilization?
Pollination is the transfer of the male pollen grain to the pistil. Fertilization is when the male and
female gametes actually fuse together.
4. What are the three generations of a cross called? Describe what each includes.
P1 – The first generation in the cross
F1 – The second generation (the offspring of the P1 generation)
F2 – The third generation (the offspring of the F1 generation)
5. If a homozygous tall plant is crossed with a homozygous short plant, what percentage of the F2 generation
will be short if the F1 generation is self-fertilized? (Tall is dominant over short)
P1: TT x tt
F1: All Tt
F2: 75% Tall, 25%short
T
t
T
TT
Tt
t
Tt
tt
6. Mendel concluded _______ factors controlled each trait. The difference forms of the genes are called
_____________.
Two, alleles
7. Describe the Law of Segregation
During meiosis, that factors that control each trait separate, and only one factor from each pair is
passed to the offspring
8. What is the difference between an organism’s genotype and its phenotype?
Genotype – what the genetic combination of the organism is
Phenotype – what the physical traits of the organism are
9. If an organism has the same two alleles for a trait, the organism is ____________. If an organism has two
different alleles for a trait, the organism is ____________.
Homozygous; heterozygous
10. What is the only way an organism can show a recessive trait?
If it is homozygous for the recessive trait
11. Define incomplete dominance. Give an example.
Incomplete dominance is a condition in which one allele is not completely dominant over another.
The phenotype expressed is somewhere between the two possible parent phenotypes.
An example is the flower color of snapdragons (RR – red, rr – white, Rr – pink)
12. Describe the Law of Independent Assortment.
The inheritance of alleles for one trait is not affected by the inheritance of alleles for a different trait
if the genes are on different chromosomes.
13. The sex chromosomes for a female are ________. The sex chromosomes for a male are ________. A
mother can pass on an _____ or an _______. A father can pass on an ______ or a ________.
XX; XY, X or X; X or Y
14. What are the chances of a couple having a boy if they already have two daughters?
50%
15. Sex-linked traits are carried on the _____ or ______ chromosomes. Most sex-linked traits are carried on the
________ chromosome.
X or Y; X
16. Can a male be heterozygous for a sex-linked trait? Why or why not?
No; a male has only one of each sex chromosome so it can only carry one allele for any sex-linked
trait.
17. Human blood types demonstrate _______ alleles that demonstrate ___________ where heterozygous alleles
are expressed equally.
Multiple; codominance
18. What are the possible genotypes for each blood type (A, B, AB, and O)?
A – IAIA, IAi
B – IBIB, IBi
AB – IAIB
O - ii
19. To make a Punnett square, the possible _______ from each parent are put on the top and sides of the square.
gametes
20. What are polygenic traits? Give an example.
Polygenic traits are traits that are controlled by two or more genes. These traits often show a great
variety of phenotypes, e.g. skin color.
21. What is a pedigree?
A pedigree is a chart to show an inheritance pattern (trait, disease, disorder) within a family through
multiple generations.
A pedigree can be used to track the genotype and phenotype of the family members and the genetic
characteristics (dominant/recessive, sex-linked) of the trait.
22. If a pedigree showed that more offspring had a trait than those who did not, what could that tell you about
that trait?
The trait is probably dominant
23. If a pedigree showed that more male offspring had a trait than female offspring, what could that tell you
about the trait?
The trait is probably sex-linked
24. Black fur (B) is dominant to white fur (b) in rabbits. For the following crosses, show a Punnett square and the
possible genotypes and phenotypes for their offspring.
a.
A homozygous black rabbit with a white rabbit
B
B
Genotype: 100% Bb
b
Bb
Bb
Phenotype: All Black
b
Bb
Bb
25. Black fur (B) is dominant to white fur (b) in rabbits. Long ears (L) are dominant over short ears (l). For the
following crosses, show a Punnett square and the possible genotypes and phenotypes for their offspring.
a.
Two rabbits heterozygous for both fur color and ear length
Genotype:
1BBLL: 2BBll; 1BBll: 2BbLL: 4BbLl;
2Bbll; 1bbLL; 2bbLl: 1bbll
Phenotype:
9 Black fur Long ears:
BL
Bl
bL
bl
BL
BBLL
BBLl
BbLL
BbLl
Bl
BBLl
BBll
BbLl
Bbll
bL
BbLL
BbLl
bbLL
bbLl
bl
BbLl
Bbll
bbLl
bbll
3 Black fur Short ears
3 White fur Long ears
1 White fur Short ears
b. A homozygous black fur, long eared rabbit with a white, short eared rabbit
Genotype:
All BbLl
Phenotype:
All Black fur Long ears:
BL
BL
BL
BL
bl
BbLl
BbLl
BbLl
BbLl
bl
BbLl
BbLl
BbLl
BbLl
bl
BbLl
BbLl
BbLl
BbLl
bl
BbLl
BbLl
BbLl
BbLl
26. Hemophilia is a sex-linked trait. The trait for hemophilia is reccesive (h) to the normal allele (H). For the
following crosses, show a Punnett square and the possible genotypes and phenotypes for their offspring.
a.
A father with hemophilia crossed with a normal mother who is a carrier for the disease
Xh
Y
Females: 50% Normal, 50% hemophilia
XH
XHXh
XHY
Males: 50% Normal, 50% hemophilia
Xh
XhXh
XhY
XH
Y
b. A hemophiliac mother and a normal father.
Females: 100% Normal
Xh
XHXh
XhY
Males: 100% hemophilia
Xh
XHXh
XhY
27. For the following crosses, show a Punnett square and the possible genotypes and phenotypes for their
offspring.
a.
A man with type O blood and a female with type AB
Phenotype: 50% Type A, 50% Type B
i
i
IA
IAi
IAi
IB
IBi
IBi
b. A man with type B blood (whose mother is type O) and a woman with type AB
IB
i
Phenotype:
IA
IA IB
IAi
25% Type A, 50% Type B, 25% Type AB
IB
IB IB
IBi