Download Study Guide Cells_Body-Systems

CELLS AND BODY SYSTEMS
Test 3/28/14
Types of Cells
Eukaryotic
Prokaryotic
Animal Cells
Plant Cells
Cell
Tissue
Organ
 “Modern” cells that have a nucleus and other specialized
organelles
 Animal & plant cells are eukaryotic
 “Primitive” cells that do not have a nucleus
 Bacterial cells are usually prokaryotic
 Cells that make up animals
 Animals (and animal cells) need to consume food for energy
 Cells that make up plants
 Plants (and plant cells) can make their own energy through
photosynthesis
Cells join together to form tissues.
Tissues join together to form organs.
Organs join together to form organ systems.
Organ systems join together to form organisms.
 The smallest unit of an organism that can be alive

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

System

Organism
Species



Cells that work together to perform a specific function
Examples: muscle tissue, nervous tissue.
Tissues that work together to perform a specific function or job
Examples: stomach, lungs, brain
Major body systems
include:
 Circulatory
 Respiratory
Organs that work together to do
 Digestive
a larger job
 Skeletal
 Muscular
 Nervous
 Endocrine
A living being or individual
Examples: you, a tree, a ladybug, a bacteria
A group of organisms of the same kind
Cellular Reproduction
Mitosis
Meiosis
 When a cell divides, creating two copies just like the parent cell
 Plant and animal cells must go through mitosis to keep the
organism alive and in good condition
 When a cell divides to make reproductive cells, it only copies half
the chromosomes
 Meiosis is used to produce egg and sperm cells
Parts of the Cell
Organelle
Cell Membrane
Cell Wall
Chromosome
Chlorophyll
Chloroplast
Cytoplasm
DNA
Gene
Mitochondria
Nucleus
Vacuole
Centriole
Lysosome
Nucleolus
Ribosomes
Golgi complex
Microfilaments &
microtubules
Endoplasmic
reticulum
 A part of a cell that performs a specific job (a “mini organ”
 Examples: mitochondria, vacuole, nucleus
 A thin covering that holds a cell together and protects it by
allowing some things in and keeping some things out
 Animal & plant cells have cell membranes
 A rigid layer that supports and protects a plant cell and gives it
shape
 ONLY PLANT CELLS HAVE CELL WALLS
 Threadlike structures that contain information about the cell
and the organism it is a part of
 Contain DNA
 Animal & plant cells have chromosomes
 A green pigment that helps plants use light energy to produce
food energy through photosynthesis
 ONLY PLANT CELLS HAVE CELL WALLS
 Organelles that contain chlorophyll and perform photosynthesis
 ONLY PLANT CELLS HAVE CHLOROPLASTS
 A jellylike substance that the cell’s organelles are suspended in
(remember the gelatin “cells” we made)
 Contains chemicals that help the cell function
 Animal & plant cells have cytoplasm
 A chemical that contains genetic information about a
cell/organism
 Animal & plant cells have DNA
 A section of DNA that controls specific cell activities and
characteristics of every organism
 Animal & plant cells have genes
 Organelles that get energy from food
 The “power plant” for the cell.
 Animal & plant cells have mitochondria
 The organelle that controls a cell’s activities
 The “brain” of a cell
 Animal and plant cells have nuclei (the plural of nucleus)
 An organelle that stores food, water and waste within the cell
EXTRA INFO!
In case you’re curious about the other organelles
 A cell organelle that helps align the chromosomes during cellular
reproduction
 A cell organelle that contains enzymes for some cell functions
 A part of the nucleus
 A cell organelle that makes proteins
 An organelle that transports proteins within the cell
 Help support the structure/shape of the cell, sometimes called the
“cytoskeleton”
 Transport materials within the cell
 “Rough” endoplasmic reticulum has ribosomes attached to it, and
“smooth” endoplasmic reticulum doesn’t
Be able to label diagrams of the plant and animal cells.
Plant Cell
Know all of the organelles in this diagram of a plant cell.
Animal Cell
Organelles with a * are required. Others are extra.
Chromosome/DNA
Here is a picture of the “double helix” structure of DNA.
HUMAN BODY SYSTEMS
System
Functions
Skeletal

Muscular
Nervous
Endocrine System
Digestive System
Respiratory System
Circulatory System
To support and protect
the body

Produce blood cells in the
marrow

Store calcium

To move your body or
internal organs
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Major Organs

Bones

Ligaments

Muscles
3 types

Smooth (intestines),
involuntary

Cardiac (heart),
involuntary

Striated (e.g., biceps),
voluntary
To receive and carry
messages between your
brain and other body
parts

Brain

Spinal cord

Nerve Cells
Produces hormones to
control different
activities in your body
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Pancreas
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Thyroid

Many other glands

To process food into
useable energy for your
body

Tongue, Esophagus, Stomach,
Intestines, many others

To get rid of food wastes

To bring oxygen into your
body

Mouth & nose


Trachea
To get carbon dioxide out
of your body

Lungs

To move blood around
your body

Heart


Blood Vessels
The blood brings fuel
(food), oxygen to cells
and carries waste away
from cells

Two Types

Arteries (away from
heart)

Veins (toward heart)