Download Biochemistry Review

Biochemistry Review
1. What type of compound contains carbon atoms and is found in living things?
Organic
2. What type of compound does not contain carbon atoms? Inorganic
3. What are the reasons carbon is unique among elements? Covalent Bonding;
Form Wide Variety of Simple and Complex Organic Compounds
4. What type of structures can carbon atoms form? Ring, Straight and Branched
Chains, Single, Double, and Triple Bonds
5. What type of reaction joins monomers to form a polymer? Condensation
What type of reaction breaks apart a polymer into monomers? Hydrolysis
6. Name the chemical compound that stores and releases energy during cell
processes. ATP
7. This is an organic compound that is composed of C, H, and O. Carbohydrate
What is the ratio of hydrogen atoms to oxygen atoms in this molecule? 2:1
8. What do carbohydrates provide for cells? Energy
9. Name the three types of carbohydrates. Give examples of each.
Monosaccharides- monomers of carbohydrates; One Ring; Glucose (Simple
Sugars)
Disaccharides- formed from two monosaccharides; Two Rings;
Sucrose
Polysaccharide- three or more monosaccharides; Starch
and Cellulose
9. Draw the general structure of a carbohydrate.
10. What do animals store sugar as? Glycogen
Plants? Starch
Do animals make carbohydrates? No How do animals obtain carbohydrates?
Consume Them
11. What carbohydrate is the primary source of energy for cellular respiration?
Glucose
What is the process that makes carbohydrates in plants? Photosynthesis
What is the process that produces energy from carbohydrates to form ATP in
Animals? Cellular Respiration in the Mitochondria
12. What does the extra energy convert to when an organism has a greater supply of
carbohydrates needed for its energy requirements? Fat
13. Why is cellulose important? Gives Plants Support and Aids Digestion
14. Name the organic compound composed of C, H, O, N. Protein
15. What is the role of proteins? Structural, Defensive and Catalytic Roles
Why are they important? Building Blocks
16. What is the monomer of proteins? Amino Acids
How many different types
are there?
20
How many does the human body make? 12
How many
do humans need to consume? 8
17. What type of bond holds the amino acids in a protein together? Peptide
18. What determines the type, shape, and function of protein? Structure
19. Can proteins act as an energy source if there is shortage of carbohydrates and
lipids? Yes
20. Describe the five functions of proteins? Structural: support as connective
tissue and keratin for hair and nails; Transport: hemoglobin transports
Oxygen in blood; Hormone: coordinate body activities, insulin; Contractile:
muscle proteins for movement; Enzymatic: speed up chemical reactions in
digestion---catalyst
21. What is a protein that speeds up chemical reactions and binds to specific
substrates? Catalyst
22. What is a lipid? Nonpolar molecules that store energy and are an important
component of the cell membrane
What are the components of a lipid? 3
Fatty Acids and a Glycerol
23. Are lipids hydrophobic or hydrophilic? Hydrophobic
What does it mean?
Water Fearing
Why will water and lipids not combine? Lipids are NonPolar
24. What would lipids be soluble in? Other Organic Molecules---Fats and Oils
25. How do saturated and unsaturated fats differ? Saturated—Single Bond; Solids
Unsaturated---Double Bonds; Liquids
26. What is a triglyceride? 3 Fatty Acids and One Molecule of Glycerol
27. What is a phospholipid? Make up the Cell Membrane---two Fatty Acids and
One Glycerol
28. What is a wax? One Long Fatty Acid Chain Joined to One Long Alcohol
29. What is a steroid? Four Fused Carbon Rings
30. Are lipids used for energy when carbohydrates scarce? Yes
31. How do lipids pass through the cell membrane? Fatty Acids and Glycerol
Bonds are Broken and absorbed into the bloodstream
32. What process releases the energy held in the chemical bonds of the glycerol and
fatty acids molecules? Cellular Respiration
33. Describe the four important functions of lipids. Energy Storage---Insulation
and Cushion Organs; Cellular Membrane Structure---Major Component of
Cell Membrane (Phospholipid); Building Vitamins and Hormones--Metabolism; Cholesterol
34. What are sources of lipids? Oils, Meats, and Nuts
35. What molecule stores and transports information for cells?
DNA
36. Describe the two nucleic acids. DNA---contains genetic information; RNAkey role in building proteins and can act as enzymes
37. What is the monomer of nucleic acids? Nucleotides
38. What does energy stored in organic molecules determine? Caloric Value