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1859 • Charles Darwin publishes The Origin of Species • The book helped understand that genes are from both parents and are inherited • Published in the United Kingdom • Won the Wollaston Medal 1866 • Gregor Mendel • Announces investigation of inheritance for pea plants • Gregor helped show that traits can be dominate or recessive • Discovery was in Czech Republic • Mendel Medal Award (Show appreciation for his discovery) 1905 • Nettie Stevens and Edmund Wilson • Help discover that there is a link between inherited characteristics and also a specific chromosome • Made their discovery in the United States • The Ellen Richards Research Prize was given to Stevens 1908 • Archibald Garrod • His discovery changed the way how we treat diseases today from his belief that diseases were deleted for false steps in the body’s pathways • Discovered in the United Kingdom 1927 • Hermann J. Muller • Helped provide information with X-Rays and how to be careful with the amount of radiation a person can be exposed too • Too much radiation can cause mutations in genes also chromosomes of living cells • Discovery in the United States • Won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1946 1928 • Fredrick Griffith • The impact of his discovery was that it led to progress against the scarlet fever, puerperal fever, surgical sepsis, also other infections from wounds. • Discovery in the United Kingdom 1941 • George Beadle and Edward Tatum • With an experiment with Neurospora crassa-red bread mold, they proved that Archibald Garrod’s 1902 theory that inherited diseases are “Inborn errors of metabolism” missing or false ways in the body’s chemical pathways • Discovery in the United States • Awarded the 1958 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine 1950 • Erwin Chargaff • Provided more information on the functions and properties of DNA • Also he help impacted the groundbreaking work of Crick and Watson • Helped discover that DNA has a double helix structure • Discovery was in the United States • Was awarded the Dr H.P. Heineken Prize for Biochemistry and Biophysics 1964 1951 Rosalind Franklin Discovery to double helix structure London 1953 Francis Crick and James Watson Clarified that DNA has a three-dimensional shape Kings College in London The Novel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1962 1961 Robert Guthrie Test newborns for phenylketonuria University of Buffalo Children’s Hospital, in United States 1966 • Marshall Nirenberg • Genetic code for 20 kinds of amino acids in proteins • Outside Washington D.C • Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1968 1975 • Fredrik Sanger, Alan Maxam, and Walter Gilbert • Dyes to find the four nucleic acids in DNA • Cambridge University in United Kingdom • Sanger won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1980 1982 • Herbert Boyer • Markets first DNA drug, human insulin • Company Genentech in United States • National Medal of Science 1986 • Kary Mullis • Develops PCR • Working at Cetus Corp in the United States • Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1993 1989 • Alec Jeffreys • Term DNA fingerprinting • Lab in Leicester, England • Albert Einstein World Award of Science 1900’s • Pat Brown and colleagues • Invented DNA microarrays • Stanford University in the United Sates • Curt Stern Award 1996-1997 • Ian Wilmut and colleagues • First cloning of mammal • Roslin institute Scotland • Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 2000 • U.S. Department of Engery and National Institutes of Health • Identifying almost 20,000-25,000 genes in humans • United States, United Kingdom, Japan, France, Germany, and Spain 2012 • Investigators at University of Coimbra • Mutation that increases risks of Alzheimer’s Disease • Coimbra, Portugal