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1859
• Charles Darwin publishes The Origin of Species
• The book helped understand that genes are from both parents and are inherited
• Published in the United Kingdom
• Won the Wollaston Medal
1866
• Gregor Mendel
• Announces investigation of inheritance for pea plants
• Gregor helped show that traits can be dominate or recessive
• Discovery was in Czech Republic
• Mendel Medal Award (Show appreciation for his discovery)
1905
• Nettie Stevens and Edmund Wilson
• Help discover that there is a link between inherited characteristics and also a specific
chromosome
• Made their discovery in the United States
• The Ellen Richards Research Prize was given to Stevens
1908
• Archibald Garrod
• His discovery changed the way how we treat diseases today from his belief that diseases were
deleted for false steps in the body’s pathways
• Discovered in the United Kingdom
1927
• Hermann J. Muller
• Helped provide information with X-Rays and how to be careful with the amount of radiation a
person can be exposed too
• Too much radiation can cause mutations in genes also chromosomes of living cells
• Discovery in the United States
• Won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1946
1928
• Fredrick Griffith
• The impact of his discovery was that it led to progress against the scarlet fever, puerperal fever,
surgical sepsis, also other infections from wounds.
• Discovery in the United Kingdom
1941
• George Beadle and Edward Tatum
• With an experiment with Neurospora crassa-red bread mold, they proved that Archibald
Garrod’s 1902 theory that inherited diseases are “Inborn errors of metabolism” missing or false
ways in the body’s chemical pathways
• Discovery in the United States
• Awarded the 1958 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine
1950
• Erwin Chargaff
• Provided more information on the functions and properties of DNA
• Also he help impacted the groundbreaking work of Crick and Watson
• Helped discover that DNA has a double helix structure
• Discovery was in the United States
• Was awarded the Dr H.P. Heineken Prize for Biochemistry and Biophysics 1964
1951
 Rosalind Franklin

Discovery to double helix structure

London
1953

Francis Crick and James Watson

Clarified that DNA has a three-dimensional shape

Kings College in London

The Novel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1962
1961

Robert Guthrie

Test newborns for phenylketonuria

University of Buffalo Children’s Hospital, in United States
1966
• Marshall Nirenberg
• Genetic code for 20 kinds of amino acids in proteins
• Outside Washington D.C
• Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1968
1975
• Fredrik Sanger, Alan Maxam, and Walter Gilbert
• Dyes to find the four nucleic acids in DNA
• Cambridge University in United Kingdom
• Sanger won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1980
1982
• Herbert Boyer
• Markets first DNA drug, human insulin
• Company Genentech in United States
• National Medal of Science
1986
• Kary Mullis
• Develops PCR
• Working at Cetus Corp in the United States
• Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1993
1989
• Alec Jeffreys
• Term DNA fingerprinting
• Lab in Leicester, England
• Albert Einstein World Award of Science
1900’s
• Pat Brown and colleagues
• Invented DNA microarrays
• Stanford University in the United Sates
• Curt Stern Award
1996-1997
• Ian Wilmut and colleagues
• First cloning of mammal
• Roslin institute Scotland
• Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh
2000
• U.S. Department of Engery and National Institutes of Health
• Identifying almost 20,000-25,000 genes in humans
• United States, United Kingdom, Japan, France, Germany, and Spain
2012
• Investigators at University of Coimbra
• Mutation that increases risks of Alzheimer’s Disease
• Coimbra, Portugal