Download CP Bio Prog. Assess 2 REVIEW

NHRHS C. P. BIOLOGY –Semester 2 Progress Assessment Review 2013
Chapters 1, 2, 7, 8, 9, 16-20, and 35.
Studying Life, Biomolecules, the Cell, Photosynthesis, Cellular Respiration, Evolution,
Classification, Microbes and Disease
SUGGESTIONS FOR EXAM REVIEW
 Do not wait until the last minute to begin exam review.
 Organize. Find your class notes, worksheets and review sheets from each chapter.
 Page through each chapter as you work through the review questions. Read headings, boldface
type, and italics. Review main concepts and section objectives, study diagrams and illustrations.
 At end of each chapter, read summary and do some of the review questions.
 Remember, because the progress assessments cover several chapters, questions are more general
and conceptual than those from chapter tests, but VOCABULARY is still important.
Chapter 1 - The Science of Biology
1. Identify the steps in the scientific method. Recognize examples of each step.
2. What is a controlled experiment? A hypothesis? Dependent and independent variables?
3. Know several characteristics that define an organism as “living”. What is metabolism? Homeostasis?
4. Know the life processes: respiration, nutrition, transport, excretion, synthesis, regulation, growth,
development, reproduction.
5. Recognize biology’s “Big Ideas”: the cellular basis of life, DNA and heredity, matter and energy, structure
and function, unity and diversity, interdependence in nature, levels of organization.
6. Know SI (metric) measurement and how to convert to different units. K, c, m, micro, nano
7. Know about microscopes - resolution, differences between light microscope, stereoscope, scanning and
transmission electron scopes, how to find magnifying power, how to use a compound microscope, how the
images from each type differ.
What kind of microscope took these pictures?
Trachea lining, ciliated cells, 4000X
Plant cells, 300X
Nucleus & ER, 20,000X
Red blood cells, 400X
Chapter 2- The Chemistry of Life
1. What makes a water molecule polar? How do hydrogen bonds form?
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3. How is cohesion different from adhesion?
4. Identify the properties of water and explain why they are important in living things.
Surface tension, high heat capacity, capillary action, good solvent
5. What is an organic compound? Why can carbon form large, complex molecules?
6. Distinguish between dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis.
7. Know the chemical elements that make up each of the four major macromolecules.
8. Describe the structure, functions, monomers and polymers of carbohydrates
9. Describe the structure, functions, monomers and polymers of lipids
10. Describe the structure, functions, monomers and polymers of proteins. What is a peptide bond?
11. How are DNA and RNA different?
12. Know how enzymes work. What is active site,
substrate? What external factors affect enzyme action?
Chapter 7- The Cell
1. What is the Cell Theory? Who helped us form it? Who was Hooke? Leeuwenhoek?
2. Know the difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Recognize examples of each on
descriptions or diagrams. Why is surface area-to-volume ratio important?
3. What are the differences between plant and animal cells?
4. Know the cellular organelles and what they each do. Recognize them on a diagram.
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5. Know the structure of the cell membrane. What is selective permeability?
6. Be able to explain how materials move across the
cell membrane. What is the difference between
osmosis, diffusion, active transport, and passive
transport? How do membrane proteins help?
7. What is a concentration gradient? What makes a
solution hypotonic, isotonic, or hypertonic and what
happens to cells in these solutions? What is
plasmolysis? Endo and exocytosis?
Chapter 18 Classification/ Taxonomy
1. What is taxonomy? Who is the “Father of Taxonomy”?
Which way will solutes move?
Which way will water move?
2. What is binomial nomenclature? Which classification categories are included in a scientific name? What
is today’s definition of a “species”
4. Know the seven classification categories, in order.
5. Know characteristics of each of the six kingdoms and the domains to which they belong.
6. What is phylogeny, a clade? What are derived characters?
7. Know how to interpret information presented on a cladogram or phylogenetic tree.
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Chapters 16-19 Evolution
(Use the question sheet you already filled out!)
1. Discuss Darwin’s theory of Descent with Modification through Natural Selection.
(What are the key features of natural selection? What is meant by “Survival of the Fittest?”)
2. What kinds of evidence are used to support the Theory of Evolution?
3. What’s the difference between divergent, convergent, and co-evolution. Be able to recognize
examples of each.
4. Modern evolutionary theory includes population genetics. What is population genetics and
how does it add to our understanding of how evolution occurs?
5. How do sexual reproduction and mutation cause changes in the gene pool? What does the
Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium model describe?
6. What do we think were the environmental conditions on primitive Earth? How did Miller’s
experiment support the proposed conditions?
7. What is the “heterotroph hypothesis”?
Chapter 20, 35 - Viruses, Prokaryotes, and Immunity
1. Know the terms: capsid, bacteriophage, retrovirus, binary fission, conjugation, endospore,
cyanobacteria, pathogens, vaccine, and antibiotics.
2. What is the difference between a lytic infection and a lysogenic infection?
3. What are the differences between the domains Bacteria and Archaea
4. Identify the different shapes of bacteria.
5. List some ways bacteria are helpful. Know some bacterial and viral diseases.
6. List the different ways in which we can control bacteria.
7. Know the basics of immunity: white blood cells, antibodies, vaccines
Chapter 8- Energy of Life (Photosythesis)
1. What is a photon? Wavelength? Absorption spectrum? Why do we see colors?
2. Name the major plant pigments and the colors they appear to us.
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3. Know the parts of the chloroplast and where the light-dependent and light independent
reactions occur.
4. What are the reactants and products of each stage? What is “carbon fixing”?
5. Know the internal structure of a leaf and be able to identify the parts on a diagram.
6. How are photosynthesis and cellular respiration related?
Chapter 9- Cellular Respiration and Fermentation
1. What is ATP? Know the ATP-ADP cycle.
2. Know the stages of aerobic and anaerobic cellular respiration
3. Know the reactants and products of each stage in respiration. Where in the cell does each stage
take place? How much ATP is made? What are the major things that happen in each stage?
3. Compare fermentation in human muscle cells and in yeast and bacteria. (What are the end
products? Which is only temporary?)
4. Explain in terms of cellular respiration why we need oxygen and why we exhale carbon dioxide.
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C. P. Biology - Semester 2 Review
POSSIBLE PERFORMANCE ASSESSMENTS
Chapters 1, 2, 7, 8, 9, 16 - 20, 35
1. Experimental Method
a. Design an experiment: define problem, hypothesis
- Experimental set-up
b. Analyze data, draw conclusions
2. Cell Size
a. Measure with a microscope, field diameter:cell size
b. Metric units, field area:# cells
3. Diffusion and Osmosis
a. Concentration gradient, direction of solute diffusion
b. Hypotonic/hypertonic, direction of water movement
c. Diffusion of gases in respiration
4. Classification and Evolution
a. Interpret a cladogram or phylogenetic tree
b. Predict gene frequency changes in changing environments
5. Microbes and Disease
a. compare viruses and bacteria: structure, reproduction
b. defenses and immunity; vaccines
c. culturing bacteria, testing disinfectants
6. Photosynthesis
a. label or complete diagrams of chloroplast, leaf, light reactions and
electron transport chain, Calvin cycle,
b. interpret absorption spectra, chromatograms
7. Cellular Respiration
a. label or complete diagrams of mitochondria, glycolysis, Krebs cycle,
electron transport chain, and fermentation
b. contrast two kinds of fermentation, explain oxygen debt
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