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Chapter 26 – Grading Rubric – 21 pts total 1. Discuss what is meant by “phylogeny”. 1 pt - Phylogeny is the grouping of organisms by their evolutionary relationships. 2. Flying in vertebrates has evolved at least three times (bats, birds, and pteridons). Discuss if flying ability means that these organisms are closely related and justify your answer. 1 pt - No, they are not closely related although all are vertebrates. Each has different modifications or adaptations of the bone structure for flight. 3. Define what is meant by convergent evolution and identify at least two examples. ½ pt - Convergent evolution is when two different organisms have similar appearances because they have similar adaptations to a similar environment. ½ pt each, 1 pt total - Any two acceptable examples. 4. As discussed earlier, genes do not always code for a protein. Describe how the comparison of proteins between two organisms can still yield data about their evolutionary relationships and justify your answer. ½ pt - The primary sequence of proteins (amino acid sequence) is determined by the codons. ½ pt – Justification - organisms with similar primary protein structure must have very similar DNA codons and therefore a close evolutionary relationship. 5. Identify and explain whether each of the following pairs of structures more likely represents analogy or homology: a) hedgehog quills and a cactus spines b) a dog’s paw and a human’s hand c) a bat’s wing and a bird’s wing ½ pt each – 1 ½ pts total a) Analogy – same function but different origin b) Homology – same ancestor c) Homology - if go back to original vertebrate ancestor. Could be argued as Analogy. 6. Species D and E have similar appearances, but different DNA sequences. Species M and N have different appearances, but very similar DNA. Discuss which pair of species is more likely to be closely related and justify your answer. ½ pt – species M and N ½ pt – Justification - species with similar DNA will share a more recent common ancestor and will be most closely related. 7. Explain how base changes could occur in an organism’s DNA yet not affect the organism’s evolutionary fitness. 1 pt – wobble effect would allow changes in the genetic code to build the same protein. A similar R group may result in a similar protein. If the protein is the same or very similar, it may not have any effect on the fitness of the organism. 8. If a particular behavior, such as building nests and caring for the young is found in all members that share a common ancestor, is it likely that this behavior was also found in the common ancestor? Explain and justify your answer. ½ pt – Yes ½ pt – Justification - a behavior that is found in all descendents from a common ancestor is unlikely to have evolved independently that many different times. It is more likely to have been inherited from the common ancestor. 9. One species shows a trait or behavior that is not found in the other descendent species from the same common ancestor. Explain how this is possible and justify your answer. ½ pt – the new trait or behavior has likely originated as a novel mutation or a new adaptation of an existing trait. ½ pt – Justification - it is likely to be of recent origin since it is not shared with other descendent species From the same ancestor. 10. Identify the Five Kingdoms and describe their chief characteristics. ½ pt identify, ½ pt describe, 5 pts total Monera – single cell, prokaryotic, heterotrophic or autotrophic Protista – single or multi- cell, eukaryotic, heterotrophic or autotrophic Fungi – single or multi- cell, prokaryotic, cell wall present, heterotrophic by external digestion Plantae – single or multi- cell, eukaryotic, cell wall present, usually autotrophic Animilia – multi-cell, eukaryotic, no cell wall, heterotrophic by internal digestion 11. Discuss why the Five Kingdoms may soon be replaced by a system that has seven or eight Kingdoms. 1 pt – Kingdom Protista is too broad and needs to be split into several kingdoms. It is not a monophyletic grouping. 12. Identify and describe the chief characteristics of the Three Domains. ½ pt identify, ½ pt describe, 3 pts total Bacteria – single cell, prokaryotic, no histones on DNA, circular DNA Archaea – single cell, prokaryotic, has histones on DNA Eukarya – single or multi-cell, eukaryotic, linear DNA with histones 13. Based on the characteristics of the 3 Domains, speculate on the likely characteristics of the Common Ancestor for all Life. (hint –look for features common to all three Domains). ½ pt each, any 2 acceptable answers, 1 pt total Single cell, prokaryotic, heterotrophic, DNA without histones other acceptable answer 14. The DNA sequences studied for the African Violet “species” found in the Usambaras Mountain area of Tanzania is so alike that only a very small number of base changes can be detected. Discuss what this data suggests about the phylogeny of these African Violets and justify your answer. ½ pt – they are very closely related and shared a common ancestor VERY recently. ½ pt – Justification - there is no other way to explain the high degree of similarity in the DNA. They have to have shared a VERY recent common ancestor. Likely they are still in the process of splitting into species.