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Honors Biology - Review Topics for Final
Chapter 1 – What is Science?
 The def. of science
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Goals of Science
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Scientific Method – 5 parts (Hypothesis, Materials, Procedures, Results and Conclusion)
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Types of observations – Qualitative vs. Quantitative
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Identify Parts of an Experiment - Control Group, Experimental Group, Manipulated (Independent) &
Responding (dependent) Variables and constants
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Biology Definition
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Characteristics of living organisms
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What is homeostasis?
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Difference between an hypothesis, theory, and a fact
Chapter 3 – Chemistry
 Def. of an Atom
 Parts of an atoms (electron, proton, neutron) and where they are located in an atom
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Reading the periodic table – if given an element know which is the atomic mass, atomic number. Also,
know how many electrons, protons and neutrons are in that element
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Ionic vs. Covalent Bonding – be able to do bonding problems
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If given a molecular formula, be able to tell how many atoms and element are in that molecule
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Properties of water – polar molecule that forms hydrogen bonds
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Def. Adhesion and Cohesion
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Physical vs. Chemical changes
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Mixtures - solution, colloid and suspension
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Know what Acids and Bases are and how to read a pH scale
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What is an organic molecule?
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Describe the 4 types of macromolecules(proteins, carbohydrates, lipids and nucleic acids) – structure &
function
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Know what activation energy is.
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Know what an enzyme is and how it increases the rate of a chemical reaction by lowering the activation
energy and how it is affected by external factors (heat, cold, acid and base denature)
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What do all living things need due to the fact that there are chemical reactions occurring constantly
inside them?
Chapter 7 & 8 – Levels of Organization (Atom -Molecule – Cells – Tissue – Organ – Organ System)
 Cell Theory – what does it state?
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What is a cell?
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How to use the microscope? How to find total magnification? How to measure an object under the
microscope? What an object looks like and how it moves?
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What is a stem cell?
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Compare and Contrast Eukaryotic vs. Prokaryotic Cells
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Difference between plant and animal cells
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Know basic structure and function of the parts (organelles) of a cell which we have discussed
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What is a tissue?
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What does it mean to be multicellular
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What happens to cells as they become more specialized in their function (ex. Neuron)
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What is an organ?
Chapter 13 – DNA and RNA
 Know the structure of DNA and RNA
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DNA replication – how does it work? – know the molecules involved
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Protein Synthesis – how does it work? (Transcription with mRNA processing & Translation) – know the
molecules involved
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How do mutations occur and how do the affect organism on a large scale?
Chapter 9 – Photosynthesis & Cellular Respiration
Photosynthesis
 Equation of photosynthesis
 What organelle it takes place in, within a plant (chloroplast)
Cell Respiration
 Equation of cellular respiration
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What organelle it takes place in, within an animal and plant (mitochondria)
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Aerobic Respiration – know what happens overall in Glycolysis, Krebs Cell, and Electron Transport
Chain
Understand the relationship between Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration
Chapter 10 - Cell Cycle
 Know why cells divide instead of growing: 2 reasons – DNA demand and Surface area to Volume Ratio
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Know the events of the cell cycle – Interphase (G1, S phase, G2) and M-phase (Mitosis – prophase,
metaphase, anaphase, telophase) and (Cytokinesis)
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general overview! For example: S-phase DNA replicates
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Be able to define mitosis and cytokinesis
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Know what forms between an animal cell and a plant cell during Cytokinesis (cleavage furrow(animal
cells) and cell plate (plant cells))
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Cancer – know what it is and how it works. Know what it means to metastasize.
Chapter 11 - Meiosis
 Def. of meiosis and why we need it to occur
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Def. Homologous chromosomes
What is a tetrad?
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Know what is formed during gamete production – male & females
Know what happens at the different steps of meiosis
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Know the differences between mitosis and meiosis in terms of # of chromosomes produced at each stage
and the # of chromosomes at the final cells produced
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Be able to compare and contrast Meiosis I and Meiosis II
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Difference between haploid and diploid cells
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What causes Downs Syndrome?
Chapter 12 & 14 - Genetics
 Know about Mendel and what his conclusions were
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Know how to determine genotype and phenotype
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Know how to work through a punnett square problem
Know about how some traits go beyond dominant and recessive – blood type Punnett squares
Know who can receive blood from whom and who could donate blood to whom.
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Know how to do Punnett squares for sex-linked traits
Difference between heterozygous and homozygous
What is a gene?
Dominant/recessive, Codominant, incomplete dominance, blood types
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Chapter 4, 5, 6 – Energy Flow
 What are the levels of organization in which organisms are studied? Biosphere, ecosystem, community,
population, organism
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What is an Ecosystem?
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Know what Abiotic and Biotic factors are along with examples
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Know why biotic factors interact with their environments
Know the difference between: producers (autotrophs – photosynthesis & chemosynthesis)vs. Consumers
(heterotrophs) along with the different types (herbivore, carnivore, omnivore, decomposer)
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Know how energy flows in a food chain and the amount of energy passed from one trophic level to the
next
Know how a food chain is set up and which way the arrows are pointing and why.
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What is an energy pyramid?
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Know the types of interactions that take place between biotic factors.
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What are limiting factors?
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What is the primary source of energy for all living things?
Chapter 16,18,19 – Evolution
 Def. of Evolution
 What is Natural Selection & Artificial Selection?
 What is Fitness?
 Survival of the Fittest – how does it work?
 Adaptations – what are they?
 Descent with modification – what is it?
 What is the fossil record?
Other evidence? Embryology, Molecular, Anatomical (vestigial/homology), Geographical
(Divergent/convergent)
 What was the first form of life on Earth?