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Transcript
MITOSIS AND MEIOSIS—CHAPTER 10 & 11-4 • • • Why don’t cells get bigger forever?? Let’s do a lab! – With some math! • Surface area =___________________ • Volume = l x w x h Calculations • Cell 1 • Sides: .5 cm • SA= • • • • • • Volume = • When cut… Cell 2 • Sides: 1 cm • SA= • Volume = • When cut… Cell 3 • Sides: 2 cm • SA= • Volume = • When cut… Limits to cell growth • The ______________ a cell becomes, the ______________________ the cell places on its DNA. • In addition, the cell has more trouble moving enough ____________________ and __________ across its cell membrane – Activity Surface Area to volume ratio • We want surface area to be bigger then volume – WHY? (Think about the lab) So how do cells solve this problem? • Before they get too large… – They ___________________! – Into two _______________________ cells – Called CELL DIVISION • What steps may be involved? • • Two stages • Stage 1: MITOSIS – Dividing _______________________ • Stage 2: CYTOKINESIS – Dividing __________________________ Chromosome • We have ________! • _______________________________ DNA • In mitosis, each chromosome gets ____________________ – Now called two _________________________________ held together by a centromere • Sketch it out! • The Cell Cycle • Series of events that cells go through as they _____________________________ • Grows, prepares to divide, and divides • Two main parts – _____________________ – ______________________ • Divided into 2 parts • Interphase • G1 - “_______________” - Cell ________________ from last cell cycle • S – _____________________ of DNA (DNA makes a copy of itself) • G2 – Cell ______________ and _________________ for cell division • G0 – __________________________ – typical of cells like nerve cells that stop dividing at maturity • Mitosis – M phase • ___rophase • ___etaphase • ___naphase • ___elophase • Cytokinesis Interphase • _____________________________ in the Cell Cycle – over half the time is spent in this phase Mitosis • Prophase (Preparation) • _______________ phase in __________________ • Copied chromosomes ________ up. Held together by Centromere (each is called a chromatid) • Shortening up of chromosomes, makes them ____________________ • Replicated Centrioles (of animal cells______________________________________________ • Nuclear envelope & nucleolus start to _________________________________ • Spindle fibers (microtubules) _______________________________________ to centromeres • • • Metaphase • ____________________ part of Mitosis • Chromosomes ____________ on the equator (__________) • Anaphase • “_______________________________________” • Chromatids _________________ and go to opposite poles. Now called ________________________________!! • Spindle fibers _________________________________ • Telophase • “_________________________” – Final phase • Chromosomes reach opposite _______________ • Cell membrane pinches in (__________________________) or ______________________ forms (if plants) • Chromosomes _______________________ • Nuclear membrane & nucleolus __________________ • Spindle fibers ____________________________ • Cytokinesis • Dividing ______________________________. Occurs simultaneously with Telophase MITOSIS OVERVIEW • Difference between Plant and Animal mitosis • ___________________________ in plant cells • A ________________________ forms in plant cells • Animal cells have a ___________________________________ that splits the two cells • How do cells… • Know when to grow? • Found important factors – __________________ prevents growing • Cyclin is a protein that regulates the timing of the cell cycle. – Amount of ________________________ in a cell rises and falls with the steps in the cell cycle. – There are other internal and external _________________ that are also involved the cell cycle. • Cancer – ______________________________________________. – Cells do not respond to normal signals and grow ___________________________________. o Cause masses called _____________________. • Count those chromosomes • We have _____________ • If we made a baby, how many would they have? – 46 from mom _____ – 46 from dad + _____ – 92 for baby – No longer human!! • What do we do? • We go through MEIOSIS – Process that takes our ___________________ of chromosomes (__________ number{2N}) and cuts them into __________________(_____________ number{1N}) – 46______ – 23 from mom + 23 from dad = _____! • Normal baby! • • • Meiosis Steps • Unlike mitosis, meiosis has ______________________ of division – Meiosis ___ – Meiosis ___ Meiosis I: • Interphase I: • Replication of chromosomes. Like chromosomes are called _________________________ • Prophase I: • The homologous chromosomes _______________________________ (Synapsis) and form a group of 4 called a _______________________. • Twisting & exchange parts of adjacent chromatids will occur – ______________________. • This results in _________________________________ and unlinks genes that are located on the same chromosome. • HUGE GENETIC VARIETY!!!!! • Anaphase I & Telophase I • Chromosomes _________________ independently of each other. • This is known as Independent assortment. • Results in… • _________________________________ of chromosomes • Genetic recombination!!!!! At the end of Meiosis I, there are • ______________________ • Meiosis II • Occurs immediately following Telophase I. • NO _______________________________ !! • 1N cells immediately go into _____________ II, then Metaphase II, Anaphase II, and Telophase II • Split into _________________________________, each with unpaired chromosomes • ____________________________ • Gametogenesis • Creation of ___________________________ (sex cells) Spermatogenesis (_______________________) – Makes ________________________ from 1 - 2N primary sperm cell. Looks like normal Meiosis Oogenesis (____________________) – Produces ovum (eggs) from 1 diploid primary egg cell. Difference occurs during _______________________ during meiosis I and meiosis II. – __________________________________ of the cytoplasm resulting in _____ large ovum and _____ small polar bodies. • Polar bodies serve __________________ in animals but are needed in to plant embryos. Comparing Mitosis and Meiosis • Be sure to know… – How many divisions for each? – How many starting cells? – How many cells at the end? – What N are those cells?