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AP Biology
Respiration- Ch. 9
N. Cunningham
I.
Respiration- Energy for Life!
A. Introduction1. What life processes are involved in energy transfers?
2. How does fermentation compare/contrast to cellular
(aerobic) respiration?
3. How does respiration compare/contrast to the
combustion of gasoline in an automobile engine?
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B. Give three examples of how ATP powers cellular work.
1.
2.
3.
What is phosphorylation?
WHAT IS ATP?
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What happens when ATP is hydrolyzed?
Release of energy?
How is ATP constantly renewed in your cells?
So…what’s the point of cellular respiration???
C. Cells recycle the ATP they use for work.
ATP, adenosine triphosphate, is the chemical equivalent of
a
.
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D. Respiration is a “redox” reaction.
Reduction
Oxidation
Electrons
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Energy?
How will I remember this?
Write out the balanced equation for aerobic
respiration…Note which molecule is being oxidized and
which is being reduced.
E. Electrons get transferred from organic molecules to
oxygen during cellular respiration.
 In cellular respiration,
and other fuel
molecules are
, releasing energy.
F. What is NAD and why is it important?
When NADH is oxidized, what does it look like?
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When NAD+ is reduced, what does it look like?
(Remember…which state of NAD temporarily stores energy?)
What would happen if all of the energy from glucose was
released all at once?
G. Respiration- An Overview
What are the five stages of aerobic respiration?
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
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H. Glycolysis- The first stage of all kinds of respiration
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What do you really need to remember about glycolysis?
1. Starting reactant?
2. Energy needed to activate vs. net yield?
Note: The yield of ATP in glycolysis is the result of
Substrate level phosphorylation….meaning?
3. NADH produced?
4. Does this stage require oxygen?
5. Where does it occur?
I. Types of Cellular Respiration
1. Aerobic vs. anaerobic:
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AEROBIC & ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION
ANAEROBIC PHASE
2 ATP
GLUCOSE
(C6H12O6)
Glycolysis
AEROBIC PHASE
2 ADP
4 ADP
O2
4 ATP
2 PYRUVIC ACID
( 2 C3H4O3 )
CO2 + H2O
34 ADP
2 ALCOHOL +2 CO2
( 2 C2H3OH +2CO2)
2 LACTIC ACID
( 2 CH3CHOHCOOH)
34 ATP
 Anaerobic net gain =2 ATP
 Aerobic overall net gain =36 ATP
Which came first: aerobic or anaerobic respiration? Why?
 Glycolysis (glucose  pyruvic acid (a.k.a. pyruvate))
occurs in__________________.
-Pyruvate can pass through three different pathways:
1.
2.
3.
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J. Fermentation (aka anaerobic respiration) enables some cells
to produce energy without oxygen
1. How does fermentation begin?
glycolysis
____________  _______________
2. What happens next depends on the type of fermentation.
Alcoholic fermentation by yeast….
End products =
Uses of these products?
a.
b.
Net gain of ATP overall? Where did it come from
specifically?
What happens to the 2NADH made in glycolysis? Why?
Bioethanol is a renewable source of energy using alcoholic
fermentation.
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Pros and cons of biofuels
Pros
Cons
Lactic Acid Fermentation…
End products?
Who does it?
When would humans and other mammals use this type of
energy production?
How does lactic acid make us feel?
What is a facultative anaerobe?
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Review:
1. What waste products do yeast make as a result of
fermentation?
2. What happens when our muscles are low in oxygen?
3. Why do anaerobes need to continue reactions beyond
glycolysis when all of their ATP that they can make has
already been produced?
4. What is the net gain of ATP as a result of lactic acid and
alcoholic fermentation?
5. Why are anaerobes not able to produce as much ATP as
aerobes?
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K. If Oxygen is present, pyruvate is the turning point of
reactions that occur next. Instead of the anaerobic pathway,
aerobic organisms can shift the pyruvate into the mitochondria
for stage 2: The oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA.
a.k.a THE LINK REACTION
What kind of cell can perform aerobic respiration?
Stage 2 – Reaction looks like this:
What is important to remember about this stage?
1. Reactant?
2. Product?
3. Carbon dioxide molecules formed?
(How many more to come later)
4. How many NADH are made?
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L. Stage 3 – The Krebs Citric Acid cycle
Why that name?
Starting point?
How is it a “cycle”?
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*Each cycle produces____________ by substrate-level
phosphorylation, _______________, _____________, and
____________(another electron carrier)
______________________.
What do you really need to remember about the Krebs cycle?
1. Initial reactants?
2. How does the cycle begin?
3. Starting with one glucose from the beginning of glycolysis,
how many “spins” of the cycle would occur?
4. As a result of these spins, how many of the following
molecules are produced per glucose
a. Carbon dioxide =
(How many total does that bring us to?_________)
b. ATP=
(How many total does that bring us to? _________)
c. NADH =
d. FADH =
(How many total electron carrier molecules do we have
all together so far? _________________________)
e. Where does the Krebs cycle occur specifically?
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In the space below, draw a picture of the mitochondria and label
where the Krebs cycle would be happening.
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M. Oxidative phosphorylation includes the electron chain
and chemiosmosis.
1. How many ATP molecules are produced thus far from
substrate level phosphorylation (net)?
2. How many ATP molecules are produced all together from
aerobic respiration (net)?
3. What does that tell you about the last stages of this
process?
4. What does “oxidative phosphorylation” mean?
N. The Electron Transport Chain:
a. Where does it occur?
b. What happens?
c. What is the final acceptor of electrons that are passed
down from NADH and FADH2 as redox reactions
occur?
d. What molecules are formed as a result of the electron
transport chain?
How many?
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-What is a proton gradient?
-Which molecule s allow for H+ molecules to diffuse back to
the matrix?
-How many more ATP molecules are formed from this phase
of respiration?
-The coupling of the redox reactions of the ETC to ATP
synthesis is called____________________________.
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O. The Chemiosmotic Synthesis of ATP
a. Where do the H+ ions get pumped to as they come
off the NADH and FADH2 molecules?
b. How does this create a proton gradient across the
cristae?
c. How do the H+ ions move back across the
membrane from the intermembranal space to the
matrix?
d. What is the special transport protein called that
allows these ions to move?
e. What happens to ADP as H+ ions move back into the
matrix?
f. How many ATP are produced by this process?
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g. Why does the name of this process entitled
chemiosmosis make sense?
h. Why is the combination of the electron transport
chain and chemiosmosis entitled oxidative
phosphorylation?
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Structure vs Function of the mitochondria:
1.
Highly holded2. Compartmentalization3.
Matrix is a fluid filled area-
P. Cellular Respiration – a review
1. How does energy flow from start to finish in cellular
respiration?
2. What ultimately become of the 6 carbons present in
glucose by the end of respiration?
3. List the stages that produced ATP. Include the number
and whether ATP was made by substrate-level
phosphorylation or oxidative phosphorylation.
ATP made
Stage 1 = glycolysis
Stage 2= oxidation of pyruvic acid
Stage 3 = Krebs cycle
Stage 4= electron transport chain
Stage 5= chemiosmosis
5. How do we convert the energy temporarily stored in
NADH and FADH2 to energy made in ATP?
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a. Each NADH from glycolysis yields _______ATP since
it takes energy for NADH to cross the mitochondrial
membrane. Therefore, _______NADH x
_____=_______
b. Each NADH from stage 2 and the Krebs cycle yields
_________ ATP. Therefore, ________NADH x
_____= ____________.
c. Each FADH2 from the Krebs cycle yields
_______ATP. Therefore, ________FADH2 x
_____=__________.
d. Add up totals from (a)  (c) = _____________
e. Now add the amount of ATP made by substrate level
phosphorylation from glycolysis and the Krebs =
_____________.
f. Add up (d) + (e). GRAND TOTAL = ___________
Subtract 2ATP for activation energy and the net gain
is ______________ for cellular respiration.
g. How much of the energy made from one molecule
of glucose is actually used for fueling cell activities?
h. What happens to the rest of the energy?
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Q. Body Temperature and Metabolic Rate
1. Cold-blooded animals (ectothermic or
poikilothermic) 
2. Warm blooded animals (endothermic or
homeothermic) 
3. How do poikilotherms regulate their body
temperatures?
Examples?
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4. How do homeotherms regulate their body
temperatures?
Examples of adaptations?
5. Metabolic rate is inversely proportional to
body size….Why?
6. How do Homeotherms regulate their body
temperature?
-Metabolic rate is inversely proportional to body size
 In homeotherms
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R. Glycolysis and the Krebs cycle connect to many other
metabolic pathways
1. How can you eat proteins and make energy?
2. How can fats provide us with energy?
3. What happens if you eat too many cookies
(carbohydrates) – more than can be used for
aerobic respiration?
S. Feedback mechanisms regulate cellular respiration
1. Give an example of how feedback works.
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More Review!
 Explain what, in general, happens in cell respiration.
 What are the products of glucose breakdown when it
occurs in the cytoplasm?
 What are the products of glucose breakdown when it
occurs in the mitochondria?
 What are the products of anaerobic respiration in plants
and yeast (fungi)?
 What are the products of anaerobic respiration in animals?
 What organelle must be present for aerobic respiration?
 What is the form of energy used by cells to carry out life
processes?
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 Write out the balanced equation for cellular respiration
 Explain the difference between anaerobic and aerobic
respiration.
 Compare ATP production in aerobic and anaerobic
respiration.
 Where does glycolysis occur?
 What stage is common to all types of respiration?
 What gas is a waste to both aerobic respiration and
alcoholic fermentation?
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 What are the products of glycolysis?
 Which type of respiration do prokaryotes carry out?
 Where in the cell do lactic acid and alcoholic fermentation
occur?
 How many carbons does each pyruvate molecule produced
by glycolysis have?
 When does decarboxylation occur in aerobic respiration
and what usually forms as a result?
 What is the link reaction?
 Give at least 3 examples of when oxidation reactions occur
in aerobic respiration. What gets reduced?
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