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Cellular Respiration Chapter 8 Respiration= =conversion of chemical e (glucose) into ATP. =breathing??? --What is the object of Respiration? Chemical Description: C6H12O6+6O26CO2+6H2O+Energy (heat & ATP) What is involved: -Oxidation of glucose -reduction of oxygen -release of energy Use of: NAD+ FAD 2 Methods of Respiration: 1. Aerobic Respiration= -produces 36-38 ATP from 1 glucose -occurs in most all organisms 2. Anaerobic Respiration= or Fermentation -occurs only in bacteria (anaerobes) or under harsh conditions in some eukaryotes. -produces only 2 ATP from 1 glucose 4 Steps to Breakdown Glucose (with O2): 1. Glycolysis 2. Transition Rxn. 3. Citric Acid Cycle 5. Electron Transport ***Remember How Cells Assemble ATP: phosphorylation=ADP + P = ATP Step 1: Glycolysis -occurs in cytoplasm -ATP produced by: substrate-level phosphorylation= -produces only 2 ATP Chemical Description: C6H12O6+2ATP4ATP+2NADH+2pyruvate --energy investment phase --energy production phase Products: 2NADH=high e electrons 4ATP (2 profit gain) 2 pyruvates (glucose leftover) Steps 2,3,4 Occur in Mitochondria: Mitochondria Structure: -outer membrane -inner membrane -cristae -inner-membrane space -matrix Step 2: Transition Rxn: -occurs in mitochondrial matrix -Pyruvate is combined with a coenzyme -CO2 is released Products: 2 acetyl-CoA 2 CO2 2 NADH Step 3: Citric Acid Cycle -occurs in mitochondria matrix. -the cycle occurs twice, once for each acetyl-CoA that enters the cycle. 2 Aectyl-CoA6NADH+2FADH2+2ATP+4CO2 Products: 6NADH 2FADH2 2ATP -CO2 in breathing is produced here. -ATP produced by sub-level phosph. -What is Citric Acid? -What is Oxaloacetate? Step 3: Electron Transport Chain (ETC) -occurs on the cristae of the inner mitochondrial membrane. -produces 32-34 ATP using Chemiosmosis - e- of NADH & FADH2 (produced in steps 1&2). -the ETC consists of: 1.NADH dehydrogenase or reductase protein 2.Cytochromes (proteins) 3.at the end of the chain is oxygen -the energy derived from the ETC is used to power the proton pump which services ATP synthase (Chemiosmosis). =Oxidative phosphorylation --686 Cal in Glucose --7.3 Cal in ATP x 36 = 263 Cal out of 686 Cal are conserved =39% Efficiency Is that Good? -Unless Oxygen is available at the end of the ETC steps 2 & 3 do not proceed. -If No oxygen is present, then anaerobic respiration takes over. Anaerobic Respiration (Fermentation)-ATP production w/o oxygen. -Glycolysis occurs...but can’t continue (and steps 2 & 3) can’t proceed unless something besides oxygen restores NAD+. -Only the 2 ATP of glycolysis are produced by fermentation. Several Types of Fermentation: -Prokaryotic (Bacteria) fermentation -Sulfer Bacteria (Coal Mines) -Iron Bacteria (TITANIC Rusticles) -Decomposing Bacteria -indicated by a black color & aromatic methane smell. -found in: -Eukaryotic Fermentation (2 types): 1. Alcohol Fermentation -occurs in the fungus, Yeast. -converts pyruvate into acetaldehyde. -which restores NAD+ but forms ethanol as a by-product. -What do fungi do with ethanol? -What are the human uses of ethanol? 2. Lactic Acid Fermentation -occurs in multicellular organisms, usually in muscle tissue, resulting in cramps. -serves as a back-up or emengency method for producing ATP when oxygen is used faster than it can be supplied to the tissue area.