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Selective Breeding
Selective breeding (also called
artificial selection) is the process by
which humans breed other animals
and plants for particular traits.
Typically, strains that are selectively bred are
domesticated, and the breeding is normally
done by a professional breeder.
• Selective Breeding
• Selective breeding of domesticated animals is an
example of artificial selection, which occurs when
man directly intervenes in the breeding of
animals to produce desired traits in offspring
• Examples of selective breeding include:
• Breeding horses for speed (race horses) versus
strength and endurance (draft horses)
• Breeding dogs for herding (sheepdogs), hunting
(beagles) or racing (greyhounds)
• Breeding cattle for increased meat production or
milk
Genetic Engineering
: Directly manipulating an organism’s
DNA and giving new traits using
technology
noun: genetic engineering
the deliberate modification of the
characteristics of an organism by
manipulating its genetic material.
Genetically Modified
Organism (GMO)
process where
genes from the DNA of one
species are extracted and
artificially forced into the genes
of an unrelated plant or animal.
is the result of a laboratory
The foreign genes may come from bacteria, viruses, insects, animals
or even humans.
Naked chicken-featherless
• Other examples of GMOs include strawberries
and tomatoes injected with fish genes to protect
the fruit from freezing, goats injected with spider
genes to produce milk with proteins stronger
than kevlar for use in industrial products, salmon
that are genetically engineered with a growth
hormone that allow them to keep growing larger,
dairy cows injected with the genetically
engineered hormone rBGH (also known as rBST)
to increase milk production, and rice injected
with human genes to produce pharmaceuticals.
GMO cont.
• New traits in plants could
– Make them resistant to frost
– Resistant to diseases
– Resistant to insects
– Example: Bt is a gene known to make a natural
pesticide in some organisms, added to plants
farmers could use a smaller amount of pesticide
– (corn and potatoes)
Disadvantages to GMO’s
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1. Cross Contamination
The pollen from the genetically modified plants is also contaminated. When this
pollen is around other plants, even things like grass or weeds, they cross pollinate.
This could develop “superweeds” that have the same resistance properties as the
crops.
2. Allergies On The Rise
Ever since the introduction of GMO foods, the amount of childhood food allergies
has risen significantly. The exact link to GMO has not yet been found, but many
believe this is due to insufficient research in the area.
3. Less Effective Antibiotics
The crops that have been genetically modified have antibiotic properties put into
them in order to make them immune to certain diseases. When you eat these
foods these properties are left in your body and can make many antibiotics less
effective.
4. Not Enough Testing
There has been very little testing and research done on genetically modified foods
and the long term effects have not been discovered yet. This makes many people
feel uneasy at the high use of these foods.
5. Reduce crop diversity- the GM genes from crops can spread to organic farm
crops and threaten crop diversity in agriculture.
What is a cloning?
• Clones are organisms that are exact genetic
copies. Every single bit of their DNA is
identical.
• Clones can happen naturally—like identical
twins or they can be made in the lab.
Cloning
• Cloning-happens naturally in nature.
– Example-plants (clone themselves from their roots)
and bacteria
– Example- some sea stars can clone themselves
through the process of regeneration
Mammals can not clone themselves
-Mammals are cloned through the process of nuclear
transfer.
Why Clone?
• Could use organs from cloned animals for
transplant into humans
• Could use to save endangered species
• CC the cat----copy cat
Gene Splicing
: “cutting” a gene from one
organism to combine it with
genes from another organism
: forms recombinant DNA
Recombinant DNA
: DNA that has been spliced
together artificially
: DNA that contains genes from
more than one organism
Recombinant DNA
Recombinant DNA cont.
• Recombinant DNA could be used to produce
crop plants that produce medicines and
vitamins. “pharming”
• Recombinant DNA could be used to make
vaccines against HIV
Gene Therapy
: replacement of a defective or
missing gene, or the addition of
a new gene, into a person’s
genome to treat a disease
DNA Fingerprint
: Method of mapping a person’s
DNA to identify them
DNA fingerprinting focuses on
the non-coding regions of the
DNA
DNA Fingerprinting
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What can we use DNA fingerprinting for?
Identification (soldier remains), catastrophes
Crime (Innocence Project)
Paternity
Genetic Engineering Concerns
• Safety and Ethical
– New pathogens could be created and released
into the environment
– Engineered organisms in our food might prove to
be harmful (GMO plants/no animals as of yet)
– Allergic reactions
– Many European Countries have boycotted GMO
foods
Genetically Modified Organisms
• http://www.reuters.com/news/picture/geneti
cally-modified-animals?articleId=USRTXTZ7A
Biotechnology
• the manipulation of biological processes for
industrial and other purposes, especially the
genetic manipulation of microorganisms for
the production of antibiotics, hormones, etc.