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Selective Breeding Selective breeding (also called artificial selection) is the process by which humans breed other animals and plants for particular traits. Typically, strains that are selectively bred are domesticated, and the breeding is normally done by a professional breeder. • Selective Breeding • Selective breeding of domesticated animals is an example of artificial selection, which occurs when man directly intervenes in the breeding of animals to produce desired traits in offspring • Examples of selective breeding include: • Breeding horses for speed (race horses) versus strength and endurance (draft horses) • Breeding dogs for herding (sheepdogs), hunting (beagles) or racing (greyhounds) • Breeding cattle for increased meat production or milk Genetic Engineering : Directly manipulating an organism’s DNA and giving new traits using technology noun: genetic engineering the deliberate modification of the characteristics of an organism by manipulating its genetic material. Genetically Modified Organism (GMO) process where genes from the DNA of one species are extracted and artificially forced into the genes of an unrelated plant or animal. is the result of a laboratory The foreign genes may come from bacteria, viruses, insects, animals or even humans. Naked chicken-featherless • Other examples of GMOs include strawberries and tomatoes injected with fish genes to protect the fruit from freezing, goats injected with spider genes to produce milk with proteins stronger than kevlar for use in industrial products, salmon that are genetically engineered with a growth hormone that allow them to keep growing larger, dairy cows injected with the genetically engineered hormone rBGH (also known as rBST) to increase milk production, and rice injected with human genes to produce pharmaceuticals. GMO cont. • New traits in plants could – Make them resistant to frost – Resistant to diseases – Resistant to insects – Example: Bt is a gene known to make a natural pesticide in some organisms, added to plants farmers could use a smaller amount of pesticide – (corn and potatoes) Disadvantages to GMO’s • • • • • 1. Cross Contamination The pollen from the genetically modified plants is also contaminated. When this pollen is around other plants, even things like grass or weeds, they cross pollinate. This could develop “superweeds” that have the same resistance properties as the crops. 2. Allergies On The Rise Ever since the introduction of GMO foods, the amount of childhood food allergies has risen significantly. The exact link to GMO has not yet been found, but many believe this is due to insufficient research in the area. 3. Less Effective Antibiotics The crops that have been genetically modified have antibiotic properties put into them in order to make them immune to certain diseases. When you eat these foods these properties are left in your body and can make many antibiotics less effective. 4. Not Enough Testing There has been very little testing and research done on genetically modified foods and the long term effects have not been discovered yet. This makes many people feel uneasy at the high use of these foods. 5. Reduce crop diversity- the GM genes from crops can spread to organic farm crops and threaten crop diversity in agriculture. What is a cloning? • Clones are organisms that are exact genetic copies. Every single bit of their DNA is identical. • Clones can happen naturally—like identical twins or they can be made in the lab. Cloning • Cloning-happens naturally in nature. – Example-plants (clone themselves from their roots) and bacteria – Example- some sea stars can clone themselves through the process of regeneration Mammals can not clone themselves -Mammals are cloned through the process of nuclear transfer. Why Clone? • Could use organs from cloned animals for transplant into humans • Could use to save endangered species • CC the cat----copy cat Gene Splicing : “cutting” a gene from one organism to combine it with genes from another organism : forms recombinant DNA Recombinant DNA : DNA that has been spliced together artificially : DNA that contains genes from more than one organism Recombinant DNA Recombinant DNA cont. • Recombinant DNA could be used to produce crop plants that produce medicines and vitamins. “pharming” • Recombinant DNA could be used to make vaccines against HIV Gene Therapy : replacement of a defective or missing gene, or the addition of a new gene, into a person’s genome to treat a disease DNA Fingerprint : Method of mapping a person’s DNA to identify them DNA fingerprinting focuses on the non-coding regions of the DNA DNA Fingerprinting • • • • What can we use DNA fingerprinting for? Identification (soldier remains), catastrophes Crime (Innocence Project) Paternity Genetic Engineering Concerns • Safety and Ethical – New pathogens could be created and released into the environment – Engineered organisms in our food might prove to be harmful (GMO plants/no animals as of yet) – Allergic reactions – Many European Countries have boycotted GMO foods Genetically Modified Organisms • http://www.reuters.com/news/picture/geneti cally-modified-animals?articleId=USRTXTZ7A Biotechnology • the manipulation of biological processes for industrial and other purposes, especially the genetic manipulation of microorganisms for the production of antibiotics, hormones, etc.