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MET 112 Global Climate Change - Lecture 5 Clouds and the Earth’s energy budget Dr. Eugene Cordero San Jose State University Outline Water in the earth system Clouds: what are they Cloud identification: quick view Clouds and the radiation budget 1 MET 112 Global Climate Change Questions What role do clouds play on the Earth’s climate? What would happen to our climate if clouds were to increase/decrease? 2 MET 112 Global Climate Change 3 MET 112 Global Climate Change Water in the atmosphere Definitions: – Evaporation: Process where a liquid changes into a gas – Condensation: Process where a gas changes into a liquid – Precipitation: Any liquid or solid water that falls from the atmosphere to the ground. (i.e. RAIN!) 6 MET 112 Global Climate Change Water freely evaporating and condensing Since more water molecules are evaporating than condensing, then net evaporation is occurring. Lid on: Now, evaporation and condensation are equal. The air above water is now called ‘saturated’. The humidity is now 100% Condensation The process by which water vapor changes to a cloud droplet Water vapor molecules may ‘stick’ to condensation nuclei and grow (billions) to eventually form cloud droplet. Examples of condensation nuclei include: a. Dust b. Salt c. Smoke Condensation occurs primarily as temperature cools: -colder the molecules more likely they are to ‘stick’ to other molecules 12 MET 112 Global Climate Change http://www.ssec.wisc.edu/data/comp/cmoll/cmoll.html Clouds and radiation Cloud - Climate Interactions Albedo effect - COOLING Clouds reflect incoming solar radiation. The cloud droplet size and total water content determine the overall reflectivity. Greenhouse effect - WARMING Clouds are good absorbers (and emitters) of long wave (infrared) radiation. 16 MET 112 Global Climate Change Clouds and day to day temperatures Imagine that you are going camping in the Sierras with your friends. On the first day (and evening) it is cloudy, while on the second day (and evening) it is clear. Based on this information alone: Which day would be warmer? Which evening would be warmer? Explain your answers. 17 MET 112 Global Climate Change Which day would be warmer? 1. First day (clear) 2. Second day (cloudy) 3. Both the same y) th e ot h B y da d co n Se MET 112 Global Climate Change sa ou d (c l (c l y da Fi rs t 0 of 70 0% m e 0% ea r) 0% 18 Which evening would be warmer? 1. First day (clear) 2. Second day (cloudy) 3. Both the same y) th e ot h B y da d co n Se MET 112 Global Climate Change sa ou d (c l (c l y da Fi rs t 0 of 70 0% m e 0% ea r) 0% 19 Low and High clouds Consider two types of clouds: 1. Low levels clouds 2. High levels clouds Q: How is the Earth’s surface energy budget different for low clouds compared to high clouds? 21 MET 112 Global Climate Change Clouds and climate Cloud A: Low level, (dark, thick) Excellent reflector of incoming radiation; good absorber/emitter of infrared radiation Cloud B: High level, light (sub visible or thin) Fair/poor reflector of incoming radiation; good/excellent absorber/emitter of infrared radiation So, clouds both warm and cool the earth. Together, though, clouds act to cool the earth MET 112 Global Climate Change 23 Changes in clouds Increases in low level clouds will: – Increases in high level clouds will: 24 MET 112 Global Climate Change Changes in clouds Increases in low level clouds will: – cool the surface (cooling outweighs warming) Increases in high level clouds will: – warm the surface (warming outweighs cooling) 25 MET 112 Global Climate Change Explain how the earth’s climate would change as a result of aircarft contrails. 32 MET 112 Global Climate Change 34 MET 112 Global Climate Change 35 MET 112 Global Climate Change Questions 1. What percentage of the sun’s radiation is a) absorbed by the Earth’s surface? b) absorbed by the atmosphere c) reflected out to space? 2. What percentage of the energy received by the earth’s surface comes directly from greenhouse gas emissions? 3. If the sun’s radiation was to increase by 10%, how would the following energy units change (increase, decrease or stay the same) a) Energy gained by the Earth’s surface. b) Energy lost by the Earth’s surface. c) Energy emitted by greenhouse gases. d) Energy lost to space. 36 MET 112 Global Climate Change What percentage of the Sun’s radiation is absorbed by the Earth’s surface? 19% 51% 70% 117% MET 112 Global Climate Change 0% 0% 1. 17 0% 0. 7 0 of 70 0. 19 0% 0. 51 1. 2. 3. 4. 37 What percentage of the Sun’s radiation is absorbed by the Earth’s atmosphere? 19% 51% 70% 117% MET 112 Global Climate Change 0% 0% 1. 17 0% 0. 7 0 of 70 0. 19 0% 0. 51 1. 2. 3. 4. 38 What percentage of the sun’s radiation is reflected out to space? 19% 30% 64% 70% 111% MET 112 Global Climate Change 0% 0% 1. 11 0% 0. 7 0% 0. 3 0 of 70 0. 19 0% 0. 64 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 39 What percentage of the energy gained by the earth’s surface comes directly from greenhouse gas emissions? 30% 43% 51% 65% 70% 0% 0% 0. 7 0% 0. 65 0% 0. 51 0 of 70 0. 3 0% 0. 43 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. If the Sun’s radiation was to increase by 10%, how would the energy gained by the earth’s surface change? 1. Increase 2. Decrease 3. Stay the same sa m e St ay th e ea s ec r D re a In c 0 of 70 0% e 0% se 0% If the Sun’s radiation was to increase by 10%, how would the energy emitted by greenhouse gases change? 1. Increase 2. Decrease 3. Stay the same sa m e St ay th e ea s ec r D re a In c 0 of 70 0% e 0% se 0% If the Sun’s radiation was to increase by 10% the energy .. in g. to p En te rin g an d th e rin g En te 0% of th ... of to p th e rin g En te 0 of 70 0% t.. 0% le av 1. Entering the top of the atmosphere would exceed the energy leaving 2. Entering the top of the atmosphere would be less than leaving 3. Entering and leaving would be the same Example: Concept Map 44 MET 112 Global Climate Change Activity 3: Water Concept Map Draw a concept map using the following terms. You may add additional terms if you wish. Water vapor Ice Liquid water Condensation Evaporation Gas High Cloud Low Cloud Precipitation Condensation nuclei Temperature Warming Cooling Air Which way does water flow down the drain here in San Jose? 1. Clockwise 2. Counterclockwise 3. Both ot h te rc l ou n C MET 112 Global Climate Change 0% B oc k w kw is e lo c C 0 of 70 0% is e 0% 47