* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download SocialPsych
Survey
Document related concepts
Milgram experiment wikipedia , lookup
Group cohesiveness wikipedia , lookup
Social loafing wikipedia , lookup
Belongingness wikipedia , lookup
Attitude change wikipedia , lookup
Albert Bandura wikipedia , lookup
Memory conformity wikipedia , lookup
Self-categorization theory wikipedia , lookup
Social dilemma wikipedia , lookup
Attribution bias wikipedia , lookup
Interpersonal attraction wikipedia , lookup
Group dynamics wikipedia , lookup
Communication in small groups wikipedia , lookup
Social tuning wikipedia , lookup
Compliance (psychology) wikipedia , lookup
False consensus effect wikipedia , lookup
Transcript
Social Psychology Social Psychology Social Psychology: the study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another Three Social main focuses: Influence Social Thinking Social Relations Social Influence Outline Social Norms Conformity Obedience Social Influence What would happen if: You cut into the middle of a checkout line at the store? You sang loudly on a public bus? You positioned yourself 6 inches from an acquaintance’s nose during a conversation? You laughed during a funeral? How would you feel? How would others behave? Social Influence Social norms: Rules that tell us how we should behave in specific situations Most time people obey them most of the Those who don’t conform are often subject to social sanctions Social Influence: Social Norms Descriptive norms: What we think people do i.e., people litter Injunctive norms: What people ought to do i.e., “people should not litter” Situational norms: What people do in specific situations i.e., you lower your voice in the library Conformity Conformity: Adjusting one’s behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard Follow behavior of others (sheep) Conformity Chameleon Effect (Chartrand & Bargh, 1999) Unconscious mimicking of others’ behaviors Conformity Why do we conform? Normative Social Influence: Influence resulting from a person’s desire to gain approval or avoid rejection Informational Social Influence: Influence resulting from a person’s desire for info Normative Social Influence Why do we conform? Because we want to be liked To avoid embarrassment or ridicule When do we conform? Cohesive groups Large group size Hell’s Angels Informational Social Influence Why do we conform? Because we want to be right Because others may know more about the situation When do we conform? Situation is ambiguous Situation is a crisis Other people are experts Conformity The Sherif study (1936) Autokinetic effect: A stationary point of light appears to move in a dark room without any external frame of reference Participants first asked to estimate how far the light moved alone Would judgments become more similar when making estimates as a group? Conformity The Sherif study (1936) Enter the same dark room with 2 others Tell how far the light is moving The others give very different answers from yours but are consistent with each other Over time, groups formed a new estimate of how far the light moved despite the fact that the light never actually moved at all Conformity: Asch Study The Asch study (1951,1955) Which comparison line matches the standard line? Conformity The Asch study (1951,1955) Method: Perceptual test of line lengths 1 participant and 6 confederates Confederates start out saying the correct line, then begin saying the wrong line Participants gave their answers after a unanimous group gave the wrong answer Conformity: Asch Study Results: 76% of participants conformed at least once Overall, participants agreed with the errors 37% of the time Conformity When won’t we conform? Maintenance of individuality Maintenance of life control Having an “ally” Social Influence: Summary so far… Social norms Conformity Chameleon Effect Social influence Normative Informational Asch Study COMPLIANCE 21 COMPLIANCE Agreeing to a request from another person or group Why do we comply? Foot-in-the-door technique Ask for compliance to small request 1st, then larger request Door-in-the-face technique Ask for compliance to larger request; denial; then smaller request 22 Obedience Obedience Obedience: Expression of compliance toward an authority Conformity Obedience Obedience Stanley Milgram Interested in unquestioning obedience to orders Stanley Milgram (1933-1984) Obedience (Milgram, 1963) Basic study procedure Participants = “Teacher” Confederates = “Learner” “Learner” being strapped into chair Obedience (Milgram, 1963) “Teacher” instructed to give increasingly stronger shocks for each “learner” mistake Obedience (Milgram, 1963) Predictions Experts thought only 1-3% would keep going Experts also thought that they themselves would never obey Results Obedience (Milgram, 1963) Obedience (Milgram, 1963) Predictions Experts thought only 1-3% would keep going Experts also thought that they themselves would never obey Results 100% obeyed up to 100 volts 65% obeyed to the end (450 volts) Women and men obeyed similarly More or less the same across cultures Milgrim Video Obedience What factors affect tendency to obey? Lack of responsibility Social norms: obey the person in charge Foot in the door technique: gradual escalation of requests Time pressure Obedience Hospital Medication Study (Hofling et al, 1966) Method Nurses received calls from MD Asked to give patients doses of 2x maximum Findings 95% of nurses went to administer a fatal dose of the drug Obedience Hospital Medication Study 2 (Rank & Jacobson, 1977) Method Repeated earlier study Used more common drug (Valium) Nurses were able to consult with others about dosage Findings 12% of nurses went to administer a fatal dose Conclusion: People more likely to resist authority with knowledge and social support Obedience How can we resist obeying? Reminders of responsibility Disobedient models Question expertise of authority Knowledge Social Influence: Summary Social Norms Conformity Obedience Milgram’s Study Factors affecting obedience Social Influence Group Influence Group Influence Social Loafing: Tendency to exert less effort when working toward a common goal Diffusion of responsibility: Less personal responsibility for task when responsibility is spread across group members Explanation for bystander effect DEINDIVIDUATION Deindividuation: Loss of self-awareness and self-restraint in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity Mob behavior 39 GROUP POLARIZATION & GROUPTHINK Group Polarization Strengthening of group’s opinion on a topic following discussion of the topic Groupthink Impairment in decision-making Group harmony emphasized Illusion of infallibility 40 Social Facilitation Presence of others exaggerates dominant tendency If you are good, you get better On simple, well learned tasks If you are bad, you get worse On complex poorly learned tasks Social Enhancement Tendency to perform better when others are present Social Interference Tendency to perform worse when others are present Social Facilitation Social enhancement Dominant tendency - to do well Presence Of others Exaggeration of Dominant Tendency Social interference Dominant tendency - to do poorly Social Influence: Summary Social Norms Conformity Obedience Group Influence Social Loafing Deindividuation Social Facilitation Social enhancement Social interference Social Thinking Outline Cognitive Heuristics & Biases Self-Serving Attitudes Biases Cognitive Heuristics & Biases What is a heuristic? Rule of thumb for making decisions Why do we need heuristics? Allows quick decisions Efficiency of thinking Cognitive Heuristics & Biases Self-Serving Bias: The tendency to view oneself favorably Examples: False Consensus False Uniqueness Fundamental Attribution Error False Consensus The “everyone-does-it” effect Tendency to overestimate the commonality of one’s opinions and undesirable or unsuccessful behaviors We justify our actions through the behavior and opinions of the group False Consensus “Everybody says I’m plastic from head to toe. Can’t stand next to a radiator or I’ll melt. I had implants, but so has every single person in L.A.” - Pamela Anderson False Consensus Applied Racism/Sexism/Ageism/Heterosexism If you have ist/ism attitudes you tend to think they are common Risky Behavior Drunk driving Aggression Road Rage Compared to all other drivers in the state, I am ___________ average. A) Better than B) The same as C) Worse than Compared to people in this classroom, I am... A) Smarter than most B) As smart as most C) Less smart than most False Uniqueness The The “I-Am-Special” effect tendency to underestimate the commonality of one’s abilities and one’s desirable/successful behaviors False Uniqueness Applied Charitable contributions Just giving makes you special so you don’t need to give much Intelligence & Group work The group should follow my advice because I am smarter I should get the promotion not others Attraction Everyone wants me because I am so ridiculously good looking Fundamental Attribution Error The tendency to overestimate the influence of personality and underestimate the influence of the situation on others’ behavior Translation We blame the person (not the situation) when it happens to someone else We blame the situation (not the person) when it happens to us Fundamental Attribution Error Castro (Jones & Harris, 1967) Method: Study Debaters randomly assigned to argue for or against Fidel Castro Participants told that debaters were assigned their role Participants rated debaters “actual beliefs” Findings: > 40% said debater believed what she/he was saying Fundamental Attribution Error Also, the tendency to overestimate the influence of personality when we succeed And overestimate the influence of situation when we fail Fundamental Attribution Error Attraction Study (Ditto et al., 1997) Method: Female RAs talked to hetero male participants RAs were assigned to give positive or negative feedback to participants Findings: Negative comments viewed as due to the assignment (situation) Positive comments viewed as due to attraction (person) Summary so far… Cognitive heuristics & biases Self-serving biases False consensus False uniqueness Fundamental attribution error Attitudes Attitudes Attitudes: Feelings (often based on our beliefs) that predispose us to respond in a particular way to objects, people, and events Attitudes affect our actions Attitudes Actions also affect our attitudes Cognitive Dissonance Theory People feel discomfort when their actions conflict with their feelings and beliefs They reduce discomfort by aligning their attitudes with their actions Self-Perception Theory Infer attitude from behavior Attitudes – Role Playing Actions such as roles and role-playing also affect our attitudes Our attitudes will start to align with our role Ex. Caregiver Stanford Prison Experiment (Zimbardo, 1971) Participants divided into “prisoners” or “guards” See what happens… Stanford Prison Study (Zimbardo, 1971) What was unethical about this study? What did we learn? Importance of roles in attitudes and behavior Conformance to roles Applications for prisoner’s of war? Abu Ghraib Gitmo Abu Ghraib Social Thinking: Summary Cognitive heuristics & biases Attitudes Cognitive dissonance theory Foot-in-the-door phenomenon Role-playing Zimbardo’s Stanford Prison Experiment Social Relations Attraction Attraction: Outline Introduction to attraction Factors influencing attraction Introduction to Attraction What are the most important characteristics in a long-term mate? Four most important characteristics in a partner cross-culturally (Buss et al., 1990) Mutual attraction and love Dependable character Emotional stability Pleasing disposition Introduction to Attraction Why do we select certain mates? Why do we select certain friends? Three factors influence liking others 1. 2. 3. Proximity (geographical) Physical attractiveness Similarity Proximity The Power of Proximity Physical closeness between two individuals Mere Repeated exposure results in increasingly positive evaluation Ex. Zajonc (1968) How Exposure Effect does proximity work? Familiar = positive Proximity How does proximity work? Increases familiarity which increases positive affect Ex: Attending class Proximity Upon getting home on Friday, you see your annoying neighbor coming and you decide to take the stairs Later you are at a nearby party, will you talk to: A) People you don’t know? B) No one (wait for friends to get there)? C) The annoying neighbor? Proximity Upon getting home on Friday, you see your annoying neighbor coming and you decide to take the stairs Later you are at a nearby party, will you talk to: A) People you don’t know? B) No one (wait for friends to get there)? C) The annoying neighbor? Physical Attractiveness “What is beautiful is good” Positive stereotypes related to attractiveness across cultures Influences Ex: Healthier, happier, more sensitive, more successful Influences perceptions social opportunities Popularity, good interpersonal skills, high selfesteem Physical Attractiveness Do other physical characteristics influence attraction? Physique Men’s height Leadership and masculinity Physical shape Muscular & thinner seen as higher IQ Overt behavior Physical Attractiveness Does facial appearance affect one’s likelihood of winning an election? Election Study (Todorov et al.) Method 800 participants looked at black-andwhite photos of candidates Participants viewed faces for <1 sec Judged personality characteristics, age, IQ, attractiveness Results Participants correctly identified the winner in about 70% of the races Competency associated with facial maturity (less “baby-faced”) Which of the following proverbs is true? A. B. C. “Birds of a feather flock together” “Opposites attract” Both are probably true Which of the following proverbs is true? A. B. C. “Birds of a feather flock together” “Opposites attract” Both are probably true Similarity “Birds of a feather, flock together” Across gender, age, culture, education Similar = positive (dissimilar = negative) Similar people seen as intelligent, moral, and better adjusted Similarity How does similarity work? Reward Theory Like behavior that is rewarding to us Principles of reinforcement We like positive evaluations (even if inaccurate or insincere) e.g., eye contact, moving closer Attraction: Summary Introduction to attraction Factors influencing attraction Proximity Physical attractiveness Similarity