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Heredity & Environment Review • Need for emergent theories? • Sociocultural Theory • Guided participation; zone of proximal development • Epigenetic Theory • Nature vs. Nurture? Gene Basics • DNA: molecule containing instructions for protein manufacture • Chromosome: 46 (23 pairs) of DNA molecules • Gene: Section of chromosome; basic unit of heredity Conception • Zygote: living cell formed by 2 gametes (ovum & sperm) • Genotype created • Entire genetic inheritance • Phenotype: genetic expression • Is phenotype present at conception? Female or Male? • XX • XY Genetic Influence • Most human characteristics are polygenic & multifactorial • 99% of human genes present in genomes of other organisms • Exceedingly complex interaction between genes, and between environment and genes • Behavioral genetics: study of extent to which behavioral characteristics are due to genetic or environmental influences Behavioral Genetics •Genes are passed along from parent to child • “Like father, like son” • “A chip off the old block” • “The apple doesn’t fall far from the tree” Behavioral Genetics •Much of human behavior is influenced by genetics • Finger crossing • Ability to roll tongue • Handedness • Likelihood of wearing sunglasses Psychological Study of Heredity • Twin studies • Monozygotic (MZ) twins • Dizygotic (DZ) twins Conclusions from Twin Studies 1. Genes affect every aspect of human behavior. 2. Most environmental influences of kids raised in same home are not shared. 3. Kids’ genes influence others’ responses. Kids’ environment is shaped by their genes. 4. Choose environments compatible with genes, thereby increasing genetic influences in adulthood. Environment •Everything that is not nature • Peer influence • Family influence • Wealth or poverty • Temperature • Culture • Education Parental Influence •Freudian theories and pop culture of the 1990s = blame your parents • (especially mom) •Other environmental influences play a bigger role Peer Influence •Children and adults fit into groups by conforming •Examples of peer influence: • Accents • Food choices • Health behaviors •Parental influence and peer influence are complementary Cultural Influence •Culture: Behaviors, ideas, attitudes, & traditions shared by a large group of people and passed on to future generations •Cultural Norms: rules for accepted & expected behavior Experience Affects Brain Development Impoverished environment Rat brain cell Enriched environment Rat brain cell http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/epigenetics/nutrition/ Gene-Environment Interaction •Nature (genes) set a potential range •Nurture (environment) determine where within that range •Examples: • Height • Athletic ability • Personality • Environmental influence on heredity • What conclusions do you draw from Dr. Ornish’s talk?