* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download 401_06_KV_Lx2a
Survey
Document related concepts
Vaccination wikipedia , lookup
Complement system wikipedia , lookup
Immunocontraception wikipedia , lookup
Lymphopoiesis wikipedia , lookup
Molecular mimicry wikipedia , lookup
Hygiene hypothesis wikipedia , lookup
DNA vaccination wikipedia , lookup
Sjögren syndrome wikipedia , lookup
Monoclonal antibody wikipedia , lookup
Immune system wikipedia , lookup
Polyclonal B cell response wikipedia , lookup
Adaptive immune system wikipedia , lookup
Adoptive cell transfer wikipedia , lookup
Cancer immunotherapy wikipedia , lookup
Immunosuppressive drug wikipedia , lookup
Transcript
Types of Vaccines II Type of vaccine Bacterial Typhoid (Ty21a) BCG Polio (OPV) Influenza (FluMist) Measles Mumps Rabies (old) Rotavirus Rubella Vaccinia Varicella Yellow Fever Plague Cholera Anthrax Pertussis (old) Japanese Encephalitis Virus Polio (IPV) Hepatitis A Rabies (HDCV and PCECCV) Influenza (old) Live attenuated Whole Inactivated / Killed Toxoids Protein Subunits Pure Polysaccharide Conjugated 10May06 Diphtheria Tetanus Pertussis (new) KLVadheim Influenza HepB Recombinant Fractional Viral Meningococcal Pneumococcal Typhoid Vi Hib Meningococcal Lecture 2 1 Types of Vaccines III Type of Administration Intramuscular Subcutaneous Intradermal Bacterial Diphtheria Tetanus Pertussis (whole cell) Acellular Pertussis Plague Pneumococcal Typhoid Vi Anthrax Meningococcal Pneumococcal BCG 10May06 Hepatitis A Hepatitis B Haemophilus influenzae b Most Flu Rabies Japanese Encephalitis Virus Measles Mumps Rubella Polio (IPV) Varicella Yellow Fever Vaccinia (Smallpox) Rabies (HDCV for pre-exposure vaccine) FluMist Inhaled Oral Viral Rotavirus Ty21a Polio (OPV) KLVadheim Lecture 2 2 The Perfect Vaccine • • • • 100% effective Oral dosage form No adverse effects Highly immunogenic – life-long immunity from a single dose – no boosters required • Cheap • Stable at room temperature – no cold chain required 10May06 KLVadheim Lecture 2 3 Combination vaccines • • • • DT DTaP DTaP-HepB-IPV HepA-HepB 10May06 KLVadheim • • • • Hib-HepB MM MMR MMRV Lecture 2 4 The Bare Minimum Immunology MedCh 401 Spring 2006 Lecture 2 10May06 KLVadheim Lecture 2 5 Immunology • The science of differentiating self from nonself • Defense against invaders – – – – – 10May06 Bacterial Viral Fungal Parasitic Particulate (e.g., slivers) KLVadheim Lecture 2 6 Immune system characteristics • Specificity • Memory • Tolerance 10May06 KLVadheim Lecture 2 7 Blood cells • RBCs - carry oxygen • WBCs - immune cells – – – – 10May06 lymphocytes Natural Killer cells Polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) macrophages KLVadheim Lecture 2 8 The immune system is... • General and specific • Innate (natural) and acquired (adaptive) • Active and passive – Natural and artificial • Cell-mediated and humoral • Primary and secondary immune responses 10May06 KLVadheim Lecture 2 9 Some General Immune Responses • • • • Fever Malaise Inflammation Localized erythema 10May06 KLVadheim Lecture 2 10 Essential Concepts • Active – Produced by one’s own immune system, e.g., development and recovery from disease – More permanent (years) • Passive – Produced by other humans or animals and infused, injected, ingested or absorbed into recipient – Transient (weeks to months) 10May06 KLVadheim Lecture 2 11 Active Immunity • Natural • Artificial – Host produces antibodies in response to infection – Host develops protective response to live viral vaccine 10May06 KLVadheim – Host produces protective immune response to killed cells, detoxified toxins, etc. Lecture 2 12 Passive Immunity • Natural • Artificial – Placental transfer of maternal antibodies (IgG) – Transfer of maternal antibodies via nursing (IgA) 10May06 KLVadheim – injection of immune serum from person who has recovered from disease – transfusion of hyperimmune serum from animal Lecture 2 13 Summary Immune System Active Natural Immune response to disease Passive Artificial Response to killed vaccine or detoxofied toxin Natural Maternal antibodies: Transplacental (IgG) Breast milk (IgA) Artificial Immune or Hyperimmune Serum Response to live vaccine e.g., MMR 10May06 KLVadheim Lecture 2 14 Innate immunity • Surface barriers – – – – – – 10May06 Skin Ciliary action of respiratory epithelia Mucus in respiratory and urogenital tracts Acid pH of skin secretions Lysozyme in tears, saliva, perspiration Extreme acidity of stomach KLVadheim Lecture 2 15 Innate immunity II • Normal flora – – – – 10May06 Staphylococcus aureus on skin E. coli in gut Candida in vaginal tract Corynebacteria diphtheriae in laryngeal passage KLVadheim Lecture 2 16 Innate Immunity III • Macrophages – – – – Kupffer cells - liver microglia - CNS mesoangial cells - kidney osteoclasts - bone • Natural killer cells • PMNs (and other WBCs) 10May06 KLVadheim Lecture 2 17 Innate Immunity IV • Complement system – – – – Enzyme cascade Not antigen-specific Enhances phagocytosis Stimulates inflammation, increasing capillary permeability to increase plasma and complement flow to injury – Can directly lyse cells 10May06 KLVadheim Lecture 2 18 Innate Immunity V • Dendritic cells – – – – 10May06 Langerhans cells Interstitial dendritic cells Interdigitating dendritic cells Circulating dendritic cells KLVadheim Lecture 2 19 Acquired Immunity I • Cell-mediated - these are lymphocytes – T cells • TH2 (Helper) CD4+ - activate T and B cells • TH1 (DTH) - role in allergies • TC (Cytotoxic) CD8+, aka CTLs - kill cells with foreign Ag on the surface • Memory – B cells • Plasma cells (produce antibodies) • Memory B cells 10May06 KLVadheim Lecture 2 20 Acquired immunity II • Active – Develop and recover from disease • Passive – Transplacental maternal antibodies (IgG) – Maternal antibodies in human milk (IgA) 10May06 KLVadheim Lecture 2 21 Summary Immune system Innate Surface Barriers Complement system Acquired Normal flora Macrophages Natural Killer cells PMNs Dendritic cells Cell-mediated T cells Humoral (B cells to Plasma cells) Antibodies TH1 IgM TH2 IgG TC IgA Memory T cells IgD B Cells IgE APCs Memory B cells 10May06 KLVadheim Lecture 2 22 Variability of the immune response • Avidity (binding affinity) – low for recent infections – high for secondary immune responses • Specificity – low for primary immune responses – high for secondary immune responses 10May06 KLVadheim Lecture 2 23 Immunoglobulins • IgA - primary antibody in secretions; halflife ~5 days • IgM - primary antibody response; half-life 5-10 days • IgG - secondary antibody response; half-life 21-24 days • IgD - found on B cell surfaces • IgE - bound to mast cells; amplifies immune response 10May06 KLVadheim Lecture 2 24 Antibody functions • Opsonization - coating Ag with Ab enhances phagocytosis • Steric hindrance - bind to surfaces of microorganisms and prevent attachment to cells • Toxin neutralization • Agglutination and precipitation - bind to surface of microbes and precipitate them; reduces number of infectious units and enhances phagocytosis 10May06 KLVadheim Lecture 2 25 Antibody functions II • Complement activation – – – – induces inflammatory response attracts phagocytes to site of infection opsonizes cells with foreign antigens lyses some bacteria and viruses • Antibody-dependent cell cytotoxicity - IgG enables Natural Killer cells to recognize and kill opsonized target cells 10May06 KLVadheim Lecture 2 26 Primary v. Secondary Immune Responses IgG Antibody Conc. IgM Time after immunization 10May06 KLVadheim Lecture 2 27 When good things go bad... • Allergies – Hay fever – Delayed-type hypersensitivity – Anaphylaxis • Autoimmunity – MS (CNS) – Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS; a-motor neurons of spinal cord) – Primary biliary cirrhosis (liver) 10May06 KLVadheim Lecture 2 28 Terms to Know • Anaphylaxis • Antigen • Antibodies • • • • – types – functions • Antigen-presenting cells • Allergen 10May06 KLVadheim Complement WBC v. RBC T and B Memory cells Natural v. artificial responses • Active v. Passive responses • B, T and Plasma cells • Phagocyte Lecture 2 29