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Transcript
Immunology Introductory course 2010 Series of lectures outlining components of immune system, relevance to human disease Immunology - an introduction Conleth Feighery MD John Jackson PhD Derek Doherty PhD Jacinta Kelly PhD* Department of Immunology, Trinity College and St. James’s Hospital * Our Lady’s Hospital for Sick Children, Crumlin Immunology - purpose of course ? • Learn some basic biology • Learn about medical practice • Learn to learn ! Immunology What is it all about ? • How the ‘immune system’ works What does the immune system do ? • 2 major functions • protects against infection • causes ‘inflammation’ Major causes of ill-health • Infection - 13 million die each year • Inflammatory diseases - asthma • Blood vessel disease - ‘atherosclerosis’ heart attacks, strokes • Cancer Immune system plays a significant role in all these disorders. Medical case history. 1 • 24 year old male • Coughing and wheezing at night • Examination - nasal speech, breathless; wheezing • DIAGNOSIS ? Medical case history. 1 • DIAGNOSIS - asthma • Mechanism - “inflammation” in lungs, sinuses • Cause - IgE, mast cells, white cells Medical case history. 2 • • • • • 3 year old boy Serious lung infections x 5 Chest X-ray - “pneumonia” Small size, weight DIAGNOSIS ? Medical case history. 2 • DIAGNOSIS - immune deficiency • Mechanism - unable to produce antibodies • Antibodies “fight” infection Medical case history. 3 • • • • • • 7 year old girl Widespread red rash, high temperature Headache DIAGNOSIS - measles Cousin in same class, school - remains well EXPLANATION ? Medical case history. 3 EXPLANATION • Cousin was given measles vaccine! • How do vaccines work? • Antibodies to vaccine develop - e.g. to measles vaccine • “Educate” the immune system • Real infection is rapidly eliminated Immunology An approach to study • lectures • discussion !! • textbooks Immunology - terminology • • • • • • Difficult ! “immunobabble” Learn some of the “language” - key terms Abbreviations - useful, standard Keep a list ? Use it ! Immunology - reading • Self-learning is an objective of the University experience! • Develop habit of seeking information - not relying on ‘being taught’ • Internet offers endless opportunities for information Textbooks A large variety exists - many too complex • Few include full spectrum of this course • B. Alberts - Molecular Biology of the Cell • C.Janeway - Immunobiology • H.Chapel, M.Haeney - Clinical Immunology Immune system - components Essential ‘nuts, bolts’ • white cells • proteins • organs • circulatory system • comprise - integral part biology Immune system - components • • • • white cells - found in the blood, and tissues proteins - also found in blood, and tissues organs - such as the spleen, tonsils circulatory system – blood, lymphatics Circulatory systems • arterial - blood • venous - blood • lymphatic - lymph Blood circulation Cells of blood include: • red cells - 5000 x 103 per ml - carry oxygen • platelets - 300 x103 per ml - help clotting • white cells - 8 x 103 per ml - immune system Bone marrow • Source of cells Major cells of the immune system lymphocytes T cell neutrophil B cell monocyte Multiple blood cell types Fate of circulating blood cells • Red cells - live 120 days; in blood vessels • Platelets - live 10 days; in blood vessels • Neutrophils - live ~ 1 day, migrate into tissues • Lymphocytes - majority short lived - some live for years - constantly circulate 2 types of lymphocytes T B Mature in thymus - regulate, kill Mature in the bursa - antibody Lymphocytes Resting lymphocyte Neutrophils ingest foreign material digest it “phagocytosis” Neutrophils Monocytes monocyte Macrophage in tissue “present” antigen Monocyte Antigen Definition Any substance which • causes a lymphocyte reaction • reaction is specific to that lymphocyte • clone - single type of lymphocyte which reacts to an individual antigen Antigen Example In the case of a B lymphocyte • Antibody is produced Antigen Examples • infectious agent - bacteria, virus • tissue - from another person - transplant • food !! Antigen - immune response Irradiation destroys bone marrow and cells of Alberts et al. immune system Lymphocytes • Importance discovered in 1950s • 2 x 1012 in body = size of liver • able to transfer “immune responses” to irradiated animals Lymphocytes - immune response Alberts et al. T lymphocytes • Originate in bone marrow • Mature in thymus • Enter circulation FUNCTION • Control the immune system • Eliminate infection - e.g. virus, fungus Thymus - human Importance of thymus • Removal at birth - no T cells • Absence in children - no T cells Thymus in birds Alberts et al. Thymus absence in child Smallpox vaccination - spread throughout body [live virus] B lymphocytes • Originate in bone marrow • Mature in bursa (equivalent) • Enter circulation FUNCTION • Become antibody producing “plasma” cells • Absence - no antibody B cells develop in bursa Bursa in man unknown - may be the bone marrow Alberts et al. B cell identification B cells have a specific receptor for antigen antibody molecule B cell binding antigen B cells have a specific receptor for antigen antigen Antibody molecule T and B cells - electron microscope Resting lymphocyte Alberts et al. Activated T cell Activated B cell T cells - antigen receptor alpha chain beta chain Monocytes monocyte Macrophage in tissue “present” antigen Macrophage - appearances Monocyte Macrophage - scanning electron microscope Monocytes • Originate in bone marrow • Enter circulation • Migrate into tissues - change shape ---“macrophage” • Phagocytic cell • Present antigen to T cells Dendritic cells Antigen presenting cells - key role in initiating T cell response to antigen Macrophage/dendritic cell collaboration T cell B cell - help - suppress - kill antibody Immune system Non-specific • • • • Neutrophils Macrophages Complement Mechanical • “INNATE” Specific • Lymphocytes • “ADAPTIVE” Immune system Innate Adaptive work together close collaboration Specific immunity • T and B lymphocytes • Specific response to a single antigen • Memory for that response