* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Constructing a Model of Protein Synthesis
Peptide synthesis wikipedia , lookup
Bottromycin wikipedia , lookup
Polyadenylation wikipedia , lookup
Molecular cloning wikipedia , lookup
Community fingerprinting wikipedia , lookup
Promoter (genetics) wikipedia , lookup
Gene regulatory network wikipedia , lookup
Cre-Lox recombination wikipedia , lookup
Non-coding DNA wikipedia , lookup
Cell-penetrating peptide wikipedia , lookup
Protein structure prediction wikipedia , lookup
Non-coding RNA wikipedia , lookup
Transcriptional regulation wikipedia , lookup
Vectors in gene therapy wikipedia , lookup
Molecular evolution wikipedia , lookup
List of types of proteins wikipedia , lookup
Silencer (genetics) wikipedia , lookup
Amino acid synthesis wikipedia , lookup
Deoxyribozyme wikipedia , lookup
Gene expression wikipedia , lookup
Nucleic acid analogue wikipedia , lookup
Messenger RNA wikipedia , lookup
Biochemistry wikipedia , lookup
Artificial gene synthesis wikipedia , lookup
Expanded genetic code wikipedia , lookup
Constructing a Model of Protein Synthesis PRE-LAB DISCUSSION Genes are the units that determine inherited characteristics, such as hair color and blood type. Genes are lengths of DNA molecules that determine the structure of polypeptides (the building blocks of proteins) that our cells make. The sequence of nucleotides in DNA determines the sequence of amino acids in polypeptides, and thus the structure of proteins. In a process called transcription, which takes place in the nucleus of the cell, messenger RNA (mRNA) reads and copies the DNA’s nucleotide sequences in the form of a complementary RNA molecule. Then the mRNA carries this information in the form of a code to the ribosomes, where protein synthesis takes place. The code, in DNA or mRNA, specifies the order in which the amino acids are joined together to form a polypeptide. The code words in mRNA, however, are not directly recognized by the corresponding amino acids. Another type of RNA called transfer RNA (tRNA) is needed to bring the mRNA and amino acids together. As the code carried by mRNA is “read” on a ribosome, the proper tRNAs arrive in turn and give up the amino acids they carry to the growing polypeptide chain. The process by which the information from DNA is transferred into the language of proteins is known as translation. In this investigation, you will simulate the mechanism of protein synthesis and thereby determine the traits inherited by fictitious organisms called CHNOPS. CHNOPS, whose cells contain only one chromosome, are members of the kingdom Animalia. A CHNOPS chromosome is made up of six genes (A, B, C, D, E, and F), each of which is responsible for a certain trait. STANDARD: CELL BIOLOGY #4: Students know the central dogma of molecular biology outlines the flow of information from transcription of ribonucleic acid (RNA) in the nucleus to translation of proteins on ribosomes in the cytoplasm. PROBLEM: How can the traits on a particular chromosome be determined? How can these traits determine the characteristics of an organism? mRNA Triplet ACC AGC CGA AAC CGC GGG AGG AAA UUU GGU UAU CCC AUC CUA GGA Amino Acid Number 20 16 2 4 3 5 7 8 9 12 13 1 6 10 11 Amino Acid # Sequence 20-11-13 20-12-13 20-5-13 13-14-15 16-2 12-7-8-1 5-7-8-1 9-8 9-4 11-3-2 11-3-3 6-6-10 6-6-9 Trait Hairless Hairy Plump Skinny Four-legged Long nose Short nose No freckles Freckles Blue skin Orange skin Male female Constructing a Model of Protein Synthesis GENE A DNA TGG CCA ATA mRNA _________________ Amino acid # _________________ Trait __________________ GENE B DNA TGG CCC ATA mRNA _________________ Amino acid # _________________ Trait __________________ GENE C DNA TCG GCT mRNA _________________ Amino acid # ________________ Trait __________________ DRAW THE CHNOP GENE D DNA AAA TTG mRNA _________________ Amino acid # _________________ Trait __________________ GENE E DNA CCA TCC TTT GGG mRNA _________________ Amino acid # _________________ Trait __________________ GENE F DNA CCT GCG GCT mRNA _________________ Amino acid # _________________ Trait __________________ Analyze and Conclude 1. Give 2 differences between translation and transcription. 2. What is the specific site for transcription and translation in the cell? 3. How many tRNA nucleotides form an anticodon that will attach to the mRNA codon? 4. Suppose you knew the makeup of specific proteins in the cell. How would you determine the particular DNA code that coded for them? 5. How could one change in a DNA nucleotide alter the formation of the translated protein? (An example would be the difference between normal and sickle-cell hemoglobin.) 6. How does this exercise demonstrate cell biology standard #4? More to Explore Create two additional traits for your CHNOPS and give their initial DNA sequence, mRNA codon, and the trait. Include the resulting amino acid sequence. Add these to your drawing.