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IMMUNITY PARASITES MULTIPLE RESPONSES AGAINST PARASITE eg. cattle responses to Boophilus tick ! GROOMING AVOIDANCE PUSTULE EOSINOPHILS ANTIBODY GRANULOMA REFRACTORINESS / SUSCEPTIBILITY • Rhipicephalus sanguineus infected with Babesia canis IMMUNITY PARASITES (human is refractory) grooming wrong receptors phagocytosis • Ixodes ricinus infected with Borrelia burgdorferi (human is partial refractory / susceptible) Ab grooming evasion of antibody spirochaetes in joint evasion of phagocytosis IMMUNITY PARSITES ANTIBODY ON EXTRACELLULAR PROTOZOA eg. Trypanosoma in blood plasma Th B surface antigen membrane lysis C3b complement + + + + + + + + + + + + complement mediated lysis and opsonisation + phagocytosis IMMUNITY PARASITES IMMUNE EXPULSION OF GUT NEMATODES stimulatory factors Th stimulation of goblet cells + type 1 hypersensitivity releasing mast cell amines aid expulsion of inactive worms B secretory antigen U U U antibody U gut with goblet cells nematode inactivation nematode expulsion CUTANEOUS HYPERSENSITIVITY - TYPE 1 Types 1 and 4 are both active against mites, ticks, fleas • TYPE 1 produces amines leading to eosinophil degranulation protein which is toxic to macro-parasites. IMMUNITY PARASITES histamine serotonin IgE antibody attraction of granulocytes antigen sensitised mast cell degranulates when exposed to antigen eosinophils basophils neutrophils CUTANEOUS HYPERSENSITIVITY - TYPE 4 Types 4 and 1 are both active against mites, ticks, fleas • TYPE 4 activates macrophages which stimulate fibroblasts to produce granuloma and neutrophils to form intra-epidermal pustules IMMUNITY PARASITES neutrophils T cell macrophage activation fibroblasts antigen sensitised T lymphocyte releases lymphokines lymphocytes EOSINOPHILS AGAINST HELMINTHS IN TISSUE Antibody mediated cytotoxicity against Schistosoma, Fasciola etc • Secretory / excretory antigens stimulate production of antibody from B lymphocytes and eosinophil stimulation promoter from T lymphocytes. • Antibody opsonises helminth larva, eosinophils degranulate around it and kill it. IMMUNITY PARASITES Th eosinophil stimulation antigen B Y Y antibody FcY YFc Y opsonisation Fc degranulation MACROPHAGE ACTIVATION AGAINST INTRACELLULAR PROTOZOA (eg Leishmania) • Type 4 hypersensitivity: antigen stimulates T lymphocytes to produce interferon gamma. This activates infected macrophages to produce NO and H2O2 and extra lysosomal enzymes, all toxic to Leishmania IMMUNITY PARASITES APC T cell antigen Leishmania in parasitophorous vesicle within macrophage activated macrophage kills Leishmania CYTOTOXIC T LYMPHOCYTES AGAINST INTRACELLULAR PROTOZOA eg Theileria parva • Antigen is presented to CTL and they proliferate. • Antigen + MHC receptors on CTL permit specific binding to infected lymphocytes. • Bound CTL release toxic granules to kill infected cell. IMMUNITY PARASITES APC CTL CTL specific granule release antigen released T lymphocyte with Theileria schizont T lymphocyte killed EVASION OF ANTIBODY BY ANTIGENIC VARIATION in Trypanosoma • Trypanosoma antigens stimulate antibody production. • These antigens can vary in successive generations of Trypanosoma. • Each new variant can evade the preceding antibody response until new antibody is produced. IMMUNITY PARASITES c Trypanosoma per mm3 of blood, variants a - d d a b a b c d Titre of antibody to variants a - d Time (each peak takes several weeks)