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Transcript
Learning Definition the process of acquiring new and relatively enduring information or behaviors experience (nurture) is the key to learning Behaviorism John B. Watson viewed psychology as objective science recommended study of behavior without reference to unobservable mental processes (moods, thoughts) which he believed were too subjective In 1920, conducted most famous classical conditioning study using a human subject – Little Albert Association Associative Learning Learning that certain events occur together two stimuli a response and its consequences For example, you could associate Token Economy tickets with the Ziploc container at the front of the room, since I keep them there. Conditioning is the process of learning associations Association Learning to link, connect two events Dog tricks = Dog treats Classical or Pavlovian Conditioning Two related events: Stimulus 1 Lightning Stimulus 2 Thunder Result after repetition Stimulus We see lightning Response We cringe anticipating thunder We learn to associate two stimuli and to anticipate events Classical or Pavlovian Conditioning Ivan Pavlov 1849-1936 Russian physician/ neurophysiologist Won Russia’s first Nobel Prize in 1904 Studied digestive secretions Classical or Pavlovian Conditioning An organism comes to associate two stimuli Lightning, thunder and feeling afraid bell and food cake and feeling happy Always involves a reflexive behavior, produces automatic response to a stimulus Conditioning occurs when a neutral stimulus that does not trigger a reflexive behavior is conditioned so that it will elicit an automatic response. The neutral stimulus is now associated with a stimulus that automatically triggers a response. Applies to humans and animals. Classical or Pavlovian Conditioning Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS) or (US) the stimulus that automatically produces a reflex (Pavlov’s dogs’ food) Unconditioned Response (UCR) or (UR) unlearned, naturally occurring automatic response to the unconditioned stimulus (US) that does not require conditioning for it to occur (salivation to dogs’ food, cringing in fear) Classical or Pavlovian Conditioning Conditioned Stimulus (CS) a previously neutral, irrelevant stimulus that does not normally elicit an automatic response - after association with an UCS, comes to trigger a conditioned response (bell) Conditioned Response (CR) the learned response that occurs when the CS is presented alone, without the UCS; (salivation that occurs with the bell alone, without food present) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nE8pFWP5QD M Pavlov’s Classic Experiment Before Conditioning UCS (food in mouth) UCR (salivation) During Conditioning Neutral stimulus (tone) No salivation After Conditioning UCS (food in mouth) Neutral stimulus (tone) UCR (salivation) CS (tone) CR (salivation) Critical Note: During Conditioning the NS is presented just BEFORE the UCS!! Conditioning Acquisition the initial stage of learning, during which a response is established and gradually strengthened in classical conditioning, the phase in which a stimulus comes to evoke a conditioned response in operant conditioning, the strengthening of a reinforced response Conditioning Extinction From conditioning, refers to the reduction of some response that the organism currently or previously produced In classical conditioning, this results from the UCS NOT occurring after the conditioned stimulus is presented over time In operant conditioning, it results from some response by the organism no longer being reinforced Example: You keep getting your dog to sit on command, but you stop giving her a treat or any other type of reinforcement. Over time, the dog may not sit every time you give the command to sit. Classical or Pavlovian Conditioning Spontaneous Recovery the reappearance of a response (CR) that had been extinguished. The recovery can occur after a period of nonexposure to the (CS), called spontaneous because the response seems to reappear out of nowhere Generalization process within operant and classical conditioning, where a conditioned response (CR) starts occurring in response to the presentation of other, similar stimuli, not just the conditioned stimulus (CS). Example: believing all dogs are aggressive after only one dog, a German Shepard, bites you Classical or Pavlovian Conditioning Strength of CR Acquisition (CS+UCS) Extinction (CS alone) Spontaneous recovery of CR Extinction (CS alone) Pause Classical or Pavlovian Conditioning Discrimination When the differences between stimuli are noticed, and the stimuli are not responded to in similar ways Example: a dog that has learned to sit when a person says "sit" in order to receive a treat, the dog does not sit when a person says "bit“ or “spit” Nausea Conditioning in Cancer Patients UCS (drug) UCR (nausea) CS (waiting room) UCS (drug) UCR (nausea) CS (waiting room) CR (nausea) Observational Learning Observational Learning - we learn new behaviors by watching and imitating others (social learning) Modeling – individuals determine how to act or perform by observing another individual Prosocial Behavior Refers to the phenomenon of people helping each other with no thought of reward or compensation, prosocial behaviors are actions or patterns of behavior rather than motivations The motivation to do charitable acts is called altruism Example: a person gives an unmarked box of clothing to a shelter anonymously, the donation of the box is the prosocial behavior - the person's motivation to donate the box would be altruism Albert Bandura Believed that aggression is learned through a process called behavior modeling (Social Learning Theory) Bandura argued that individuals, especially children, learn aggressive responses from observing others - either personally, through the media or environment Bobo the Doll Bandura believed that aggression must explain three aspects: First, how aggressive patterns of behavior are developed; second, what provokes people to behave aggressively, and third, what determines whether they are going to continue to resort to an aggressive behavior pattern on future occasions. Bobo the Doll In this experiment, Bandura had children witness a model aggressively attacking a plastic clown called the Bobo doll. There children would watch a video where a model would aggressively hit a doll and “...the model pummels it on the head with a mallet, hurls it down, sits on it and punches it on the nose repeatedly, kick it across the room, flings it in the air, and bombards it with balls…” (Bandura, 1973: p.72). http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Pr0OTCVtHbU Bobo the Doll Bandura and many other researchers founded that 88% of the children imitated the aggressive behavior. Eight months later, 40% of the same children reproduce the violent behavior observed in the Bobo doll experiment. A YouTube recap… http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Eo7jcI 8fAuI Ok, now name the US, UCR, CS, and CR in David’s Psych 101 experiment. And we’re done…