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Learning
 Definition
 the process of acquiring new and
relatively enduring information or
behaviors
experience (nurture) is the key to
learning
Behaviorism
John B. Watson
viewed psychology as objective science
recommended study of behavior without
reference to unobservable mental processes
(moods, thoughts) which he believed were too
subjective
In 1920, conducted most famous classical
conditioning study using a human subject –
Little Albert
Association
 Associative Learning
Learning that certain events occur together
two stimuli
a response and its consequences
For example, you could associate Token Economy
tickets with the Ziploc container at the front of the
room, since I keep them there.
Conditioning is the process of learning associations
Association
Learning to link, connect
two events
Dog tricks = Dog treats
Classical or Pavlovian
Conditioning
Two related events:
Stimulus 1
Lightning
Stimulus 2
Thunder
Result after repetition
Stimulus
We see
lightning
Response
We cringe
anticipating
thunder
We learn to
associate two
stimuli and to
anticipate
events
Classical or Pavlovian
Conditioning
Ivan Pavlov
1849-1936
Russian physician/
neurophysiologist
Won Russia’s first
Nobel Prize in 1904
Studied digestive
secretions
Classical or Pavlovian
Conditioning
An organism comes to associate two stimuli
Lightning, thunder and feeling afraid
bell and food
cake and feeling happy
Always involves a reflexive behavior, produces automatic
response to a stimulus
Conditioning occurs when a neutral stimulus that does not
trigger a reflexive behavior is conditioned so that it will elicit
an automatic response. The neutral stimulus is now
associated with a stimulus that automatically triggers a
response. Applies to humans and animals.
Classical or Pavlovian
Conditioning
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS) or (US)
the stimulus that automatically produces a
reflex (Pavlov’s dogs’ food)
Unconditioned Response (UCR) or (UR)
unlearned, naturally occurring automatic
response to the unconditioned stimulus (US)
that does not require conditioning for it to
occur (salivation to dogs’ food, cringing in
fear)
Classical or Pavlovian
Conditioning
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
a previously neutral, irrelevant stimulus that does
not normally elicit an automatic response - after
association with an UCS, comes to trigger a
conditioned response (bell)
Conditioned Response (CR)
the learned response that occurs when the CS is
presented alone, without the UCS; (salivation that
occurs with the bell alone, without food present)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nE8pFWP5QD
M
Pavlov’s Classic
Experiment
Before Conditioning
UCS (food
in mouth)
UCR
(salivation)
During Conditioning
Neutral
stimulus
(tone)
No
salivation
After Conditioning
UCS (food
in mouth)
Neutral
stimulus
(tone)
UCR
(salivation)
CS
(tone)
CR (salivation)
Critical Note: During Conditioning the NS is presented just BEFORE the UCS!!
Conditioning
Acquisition
the initial stage of learning, during which a
response is established and gradually
strengthened
in classical conditioning, the phase in which a
stimulus comes to evoke a conditioned
response
in operant conditioning, the strengthening of
a reinforced response
Conditioning
Extinction
 From conditioning, refers to the reduction of some response
that the organism currently or previously produced
 In classical conditioning, this results from the UCS NOT
occurring after the conditioned stimulus is presented over time
 In operant conditioning, it results from some response by the
organism no longer being reinforced
 Example: You keep getting your dog to sit on command, but
you stop giving her a treat or any other type of reinforcement.
Over time, the dog may not sit every time you give the
command to sit.
Classical or Pavlovian
Conditioning
Spontaneous Recovery
 the reappearance of a response (CR) that had been
extinguished. The recovery can occur after a period of nonexposure to the (CS), called spontaneous because the response
seems to reappear out of nowhere
Generalization
 process within operant and classical conditioning, where a
conditioned response (CR) starts occurring in response to the
presentation of other, similar stimuli, not just the conditioned
stimulus (CS).
 Example: believing all dogs are aggressive after only one dog, a
German Shepard, bites you
Classical or Pavlovian
Conditioning
Strength
of CR
Acquisition
(CS+UCS)
Extinction
(CS alone)
Spontaneous
recovery of
CR
Extinction
(CS alone)
Pause
Classical or Pavlovian
Conditioning
Discrimination
When the differences between
stimuli are noticed, and the
stimuli are not responded to in
similar ways
Example: a dog that has
learned to sit when a person
says "sit" in order to receive a
treat, the dog does not sit
when a person says "bit“ or
“spit”
Nausea Conditioning in
Cancer Patients
UCS
(drug)
UCR
(nausea)
CS
(waiting
room)
UCS
(drug)
UCR
(nausea)
CS
(waiting
room)
CR
(nausea)
Observational Learning
Observational Learning - we
learn new behaviors by
watching and imitating others
(social learning)
Modeling – individuals
determine how to act or
perform by observing another
individual
Prosocial Behavior
Refers to the phenomenon of people helping each
other with no thought of reward or compensation,
prosocial behaviors are actions or patterns of
behavior rather than motivations
The motivation to do charitable acts is called
altruism
Example: a person gives an unmarked box of
clothing to a shelter anonymously, the donation of
the box is the prosocial behavior - the person's
motivation to donate the box would be altruism
Albert Bandura
Believed that aggression is learned
through a process called behavior
modeling (Social Learning Theory)
Bandura argued that individuals,
especially children, learn aggressive
responses from observing others - either
personally, through the media or
environment
Bobo the Doll
Bandura believed that aggression must
explain three aspects:
First, how aggressive patterns of
behavior are developed; second, what
provokes people to behave aggressively,
and third, what determines whether they
are going to continue to resort to an
aggressive behavior pattern on future
occasions.
Bobo the Doll
In this experiment, Bandura had children witness a
model aggressively attacking a plastic clown called
the Bobo doll. There children would watch a video
where a model would aggressively hit a doll and
“...the model pummels it on the head with a mallet,
hurls it down, sits on it and punches it on the nose
repeatedly, kick it across the room, flings it in the
air, and bombards it with balls…”
(Bandura, 1973: p.72).
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Pr0OTCVtHbU
Bobo the Doll
Bandura and many other
researchers founded that 88%
of the children imitated the
aggressive behavior.
Eight months later, 40% of the
same children reproduce the
violent behavior observed in the
Bobo doll experiment.
A YouTube recap…
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Eo7jcI
8fAuI
Ok, now name the US, UCR, CS, and CR
in David’s Psych 101 experiment.
And we’re done…