Download Boot Camp

Boot Camp
2/24/04
Sea Biscuit
Racing Heart?
Intelligent Salivary Glands
The role of salivation on digestion
Saliva production = automatic, no conscious
control or learning
– Unconditioned Reflex
Consistent within species
But, learned from experience in lab to expect
food following signals
– Conditioned Reflex
Extremely variable
How it all began…
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS) = FOOD
Unconditioned Response (UCR) = SALIVATION
Conditioned Stimulus (CS) = FOOTSTEPS
Conditioned Response (CR) = SALIVATION
3 Simple Steps
1. UCS
2. NS + UCS
UCR
UCR
• REPEAT, REPEAT, REPEAT
3. CS
CR
Classical Conditioning
Unconditioned stimulus (UCS)
– Reflex-like, non-learned, automatically
causes response
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
– Automatic response
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
– Previously neutral, repeatedly precedes US
Conditioned Response (CR)
– Transferred: now associated with CS
Pavlov ring a bell?
1. Food (UCS)
2.
salivation (UCR)
Metronome (NS) + Food (UCS)
salivation (UCR)
REPEAT * 5-20 times
3. Metronome (CS)
AND:
Vanilla odor + acid
Rotating Object + food
salivation (UCR)
salivation
salivation
Key Points
Can explain a wide range of behavior
– Advertising, food aversion, phobias
Focuses on reflexive behavior
– Not under voluntary control
– Any reflex can be conditioned to NS
Eye blink—door bell (puff of air into eye)
Sexual arousal—strawberries (romantic caresses)
HR increases– flashing blue light (sudden noise)
Real Life
Advertising (sexy images, music, celebs)
Phobias, addiction
Food Aversions
Credit cards, Logos & spending Reflexes
&
emotions
Ranchers
– Coyotes & wolves killing sheep
– UCS = lithium chloride; UCR = nausea
Health & well being?
Ader & Cohen (1985)
Drug (cyclophosphamide) – Weakened
immune system
Saccharine H2O + Drug --- W.I.S
– Repeated…
Saccharine H2O --- W.I.S
Chemotherapy (environmental cues–
W.I.S)
What about enhancing?
– Smell of camphor, sherbet & adrenaline…
But usually we buy, study, work…
We “OPERATE” on the environment to
produce an effect
Voluntary, complex, goal-directed behaviors
Any behavior that leads to a “satisfying state
of affairs” is more likely to occur again;
those that lead to an “annoying state of
affairs” are less likely
–Law of Effect
Animal problem solving
Thorndike’s Puzzle Box
Hungry Cats in cage
Trap door operated by lever
Raw fish outside cage
Sniff, scratch, push, dig… bang on lever
Repeat… efficiency
Thorndike (1911)
Just like socialization
Through rewards and punishment,
parents train kids
Learning how to produce desirable
outcomes = adaptive
Operant Conditioning
Skinner Box
Stimulus light
Response bar/ pecking key
– Dry food pellets, water
Metal grid for electric shocks
Recording instrument
Reinforcement (instead of reward/ satisfaction)
– Any stimulus that increases likelihood of response
Punishment
– Any stimulus that decreases likelihood
Behaviors considered uniquely
human can be learned by lowly
creatures like rats and pigeons
Not superstition!
– Thinking, knowing, reasoning, belief
Good luck charms?
People presume connexn between
behavior & reinforcing consequence
Behavior must have been accidentally
reinforced
– Rolling dice certain way – good roll…
40% college athletes!
Pigeons
Non-contingent rewards
Several days
Highly motivated pigeons
Do what pigeons do
For a few minutes… every 15
seconds = pellets
They became “superstitious”
“One bird conditioned to turn counter
clockwise, making 2-3 turns between
reinforcements.”
“Another thrust its head into corner of
cage”
“One developed a tossing response as
if placing its head beneath an
invisible bar and lifting it repeatedly”
“Human bowler who has released a
ball, but continues to behave as if he
was controlling it by twisting and
turning his arm…”
– Rationally – no effect, food comes every
15 seconds
“The bowler’s effect has no behavior
on the ball, but the behavior of the
ball has an effect on the bowler”
Problem- must wait for behavior to
reward…
E.g. training dog to roll-over
Shaping
– Reinforcing behaviors increasingly
similar to desired behavior
– E.g. making me lecture from corner
Extinction
– Without reinforcement, behavior fades
– (in C.C. repeat CS w/out US)
More problems- not enough pellets!
Partial Reinforcement
– Not EVERY response must be reinforced
Coke Machine vs. Slot Machine
– If don’t get rewarded… walk away?
– Strengthens later resistance to extinction
4 different schedules
Vary time of interval
1. Fixed-Interval Schedule
– Studying starts slow, increases @
midterms, trails off after, picks up @
finals
2. Variable Interval Schedule
– Pop quizzes
Vary # responses required
1. Fixed-Ratio
– Administer reinforcement after a fixed
number of responses
Frequent flyer programs, payment based on
fixed # products, CD clubs…
2. Variable Ratio
– Reinforced after average # of responses
Lotteries, radio call-ins, slot machines
Punishment
Strong, immediate, consistent &
inescapable
– Suppresses unwanted behaviors
1.
2.
3.
4.
BUT
Temporary inhibition (smoking)
Replacement behavior (jail)
“aversive” stimuli = rewarding?
Negative emotions lead to retaliation
Learning by Doing AND by SEEING
Don’t we sometimes learn without
direct experience?
Think about 1st time danced, drove a
car, programmed a VCR
– Learn by watching and imitating others
– Observational Learning
Bandura’s (1960) Bobo Doll Study
Expose children to adult models that
are aggressive vs. nonaggressive
– Will they imitate the aggressive
behavior?
36 boys & 36 girls 3-6 yrs old
3 groups
– Control, aggressive, non-aggressive
All in playroom, adult joins game,
highly interesting activities
Tinker Toys, Mallet & Bobo Doll
Aggressive condition
– Laid bobo on side
– Sat on it, punched it, struck it w/ mallet,
kicked it about room
– “sock him in the nose; hit him down, throw
him in the air; kick him; Pow!”
Test
After 10 minutes…
Frustrated children
New play room with
– Tea set, crayons, farm animals, dolls
– Dart guns, mallet, Bobo Doll
– Physical aggression
– Verbal aggression
– Non-Imitative aggression
Results
Instances of imitative physical
aggression
– 38.2- male
– 12.7 females
Verbal aggression
– Boys -17 times
– Girls- 15.7 times
Never with nonaggressive models or
control
Observational Learning is not simple
Attention
– To behavior and consequences
Retention
– Memorable, rehearsed
Reproduction
– Motor ability
Motivation
– Expectations for reinforcement
Good Models
Attractive
High Status
Similar to selves
LEARNED behavior
Expectations about alcohol as “magic
elixir”
– Increase social skills
– Sexual pleasure
– Confidence
– Power
– Aggression
LEARNED early in life: drinking is fun
Can we separate the learned beliefs from
pharmacological effects?
Pretending to be drunk
TOLD
TONIC
ALCOHOL
CONTROL
EXPECTANCY
EFFECTS
TRUE
PHYSIO
EFFECTS
EXPECTANCY
+ PHYSIO
TONIC
GIVEN
ALCOHOL
TOLD
TONIC
TONIC
GIVEN
ALCOHOL
CONTROL
ALCOHOL
Disinhibition of
social behaviors
(aggression,
sexual arousal)
Impairs motor & EXPECTANCY +
information
PHYSIO
processes,
improves mood