Download Learning and Behaviorism - Doral Academy Preparatory

Learning
Learning questions
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What is Behaviorism?
Who was Pavlov?
What is classical conditioning?
What is UCS, UCR, CS, CR? (same card)
What is acquisition? extinction?
What is stimulus generalization?
What is stimulus discrimination?
What was the Baby Albert experiment?
What is spontaneous recovery?
What is Operant Conditioning?
Who was BF Skinner?
What is positive reinforcement? Negative Reinforcement? Positive punishment?
Negative punishment? Aversive stimulus?
Fixed ratio schedule, variable ratio schedule?
Primary vs secondary reinforcers?
Who was Albert Bandura and his Bobo doll experiment?
What is social learning theory?
What is Behaviorism?
Major perspective - studies scientifically observable
behaviors, not unconscious drives.
Names: Pavlov, Watson, Skinner, Bandura
Includes classical, operant and social learning theory
Nurture, not nature
Classical Conditioning
It all started with:
Ivan Pavlov
What is classical conditioning?
 When your brain and nervous
system make an association
between 2 stimuli (things).
 Example: food and a bell
A song and making out with your
“friend”
(Ivan Pavlov)
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS): (the
meat) a stimulus that naturally and
automatically triggers a response.
Unconditional Response
(UCR): (drooling to meat)
the unlearned, naturally
occurring response to the
UCS.
Conditioned Stimulus (CS): (the bell) an
originally irrelevant stimulus that, after
association with the UCS, comes to
trigger a response.
Conditioned
Response (CR):
(drooling to the bell)
the learned response
to a previously
neutral stimulus.
e
 1. Sara is watching a storm. A bolt of lightening is
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followed immediately by a huge crash of thunder
and makes her jump. This happens several more
times. The storm starts to move away and there is
a gap between the lightening bolt and the sound of
thunder, yet Sara jumps at the lightening bolt.
What is the:
UCS
UCR
CS
CR
 2. Steve's mouth waters whenever he eats anything
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with lemon in it. One day, while seeing an
advertisement showing lemons, his mouth begins
to water.
What is the:
UCS
UCR
CS
CR
Come up with your own examples of
Classical Conditioning
What is the Little Albert experiment?
 John Watson classically conditioned a baby to fear a
white rat. Then the baby feared all furry things.
John B. Watson
“Give me a dozen healthy infants, well-formed,
and my own special world to bring them up in,
and I’ll guarantee to take any one at random
and train him to become any type of specialist I
might select – doctor, lawyer, merchant-chief,
and yes, beggar man or thief, regardless of his
talents, penchants, tendencies, abilities,
vocations, and race of his ancestors.”
Pavlov spent the rest of his life outlining
his ideas. He came up with 5 critical
terms that together make up classical
conditioning.
 Acquisition
 Extinction
 Spontaneous Recovery
 Generalization
 Discrimination
Acquisition (pairing food with bell)
 The initial stage of learning.
 The phase where the neutral stimulus is associated
with the UCS so that the neutral stimulus comes to
elicit the CR (thus becoming the CS).
Does timing matter?
•The CS should come before the UCS
•They should be very close together in timing.
Extinction
 The diminishing of a conditioned response.
 Will eventually happen when the UCS does not
follow the CS.
 Dog stops drooling to bell
Is extinction permanent?
Spontaneous Recovery
 The reappearance. After a rest period, of an
extinguished conditioned response.
 Dog drools to bell again
Generalization
 We fear things similar to the original stimulus
(Little Albert)
Stimulus Generalization
The Baby was given the rat while Watson
sounded a loud, scary clank.. Now the baby
is afraid of all furry things.
Discrimination
 The learned ability to distinguish between a CS and
other stimuli that does not signal UCS. Dog drools
to a bell, but not a gong
How can we apply classical
conditioning?
Applications of Taste Aversion
 treating alcoholism, using
the drug Antabuse
causes nausea and violent
vomiting when combined
with alcohol
 attempts to create a taste
aversion to alcohol
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 Problem: alcoholics tend
to stop taking Antabuse so
they can drink again

but when used properly,
Antabuse does reduce total
amount of alcohol consumed
Applications of Taste Aversion
 humane methods of
controlling predators,
agricultural pests?

coyotes & wolves ate sheep
carcasses laced with nauseainducing poison; developed
aversion to sheep meat

wolves penned with sheep later
seemed to fear it!
The Garcia effect?
 People get sick after eating at a restaurant so they
won’t eat at that restaurant, even if they know the
food was safe.
What is operant conditioning?
Behaviors are a result of
reinforcements and
punishments.
 B.F. Skinner is the famous guy.
Edward Thorndike
Law of
Effect:
rewarded
behavior is
likely to recur.
Cat in box
Thorndike’s Puzzle Box
 Edward Thorndike (1874-
1949): created a puzzle box:
cage with latched door that
could only be opened by
pressing lever inside
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cats became quicker and quicker
to press lever once they figured it
out
Law of Effect: rewarded behaviors
are more likely to be repeated
B.F. Skinner
C’mon gimmie a
kiss!
B.F. Skinner
 Most influential behaviorist
 Envisioned a utopian society based upon his theories
 Skinner Box
 Ping-pong playing and airplane flying pigeons
 Shaping – training with rewards
Skinner Box
How are these similar?
What is Shaping?
 Gradually reinforcing a behavior until
perfect. (ex: feed pigeon for turning 30 deg,
then 60 deg, eventually full circle)
Reinforcement – increasing desired
behavior
 Positive
Reinforcement – giving
something to increase a behavior
(example?)
 Negative Reinforcement – taking away
something bad to increase a behavior
(example?)
Punishment – reducing behavior
 - positive punishment giving something bad to
reduce a behavior (example?) spanking = aversive
stimulus
 - negative punishment – (omission training) taking
away something good to reduce a behavior
(example?)
The following are examples of
what???
ANSWER CHOICES
ARE POSITIVE
PUNISHMENT,
NEGATIVE
PUNISHMENT,
POSITIVE
REINFORCEMENT,
Spanking a child for writing
“crip” on your car door.
Giving candy for correct
answers.
Nagging and nagging until you
do the dishes.
Child whines and cries until he
gets his candy at the store.
THE CHILD IS _____ _____ THE PARENT
FOR GETTING CANDY.
THE PARENT IS _____ ______ THE CHILD
FOR WHINING.
Taking away cell phone
privileges to reduce low grades.
Stop jamming toothpicks up
one’s fingernails in exchange for
information
Draw a cartoon representing
 Positive, negative punishment
 Positive, negative reinforcement
 4 cartoons
Can all animals be taught
anything?
What is Instinctive drift?
 Animals will drift (or revert) back to instinctual
behaviors while performing tasks.
 Example: Pigs will deposit coins in a piggy bank but
will push the coins through the mud and flip it
around on its way.
 Behaviorists successfully taught a
raccoon to deposit wooden coins
into a metal container for food
reinforcement. But soon the
raccoon started rubbing the coins
together and dipping them (not
dropping them) into the container.
It was performing the motor
program raccoons use to "wash"
food in a stream. This interfered
with the trick to such an extent the
Brelands had to give up on it.
Instead, they trained the raccoon to
"play basketball." The basketball
was so large that the raccoon did
not attempt to wash it.
Reinforcement
Schedules
Continuous
Reinforcement
 Reinforcing the desired response every
time it occurs.
Quick Acquisition
Quick Extinction
Partial Reinforcement
 Reinforcing
response part of the
time.
 The acquisition
process is slower.
 Greater resistance
to extinction.
Fixed-ratio Schedules
 A schedule that reinforces a response only after a
specified number of responses.
Example: I give cookie monster a cookie
every FIVE times he sings “C is for cookie”.
Variable-ratio Schedule
 A schedule of
reinforcement that
reinforces a
response after an
unpredictable
number of
responses.
Fixed-interval
Schedule
 A schedule
of
reinforcement
that reinforces a
response only
after a specified
(fixed) time has
elapsed.
Example: I give Bart a Butterfinger every ten
minutes after he moons someone.
Variable-interval Schedule
 A schedule of
reinforcement that
reinforces a
response at
unpredictable
time intervals.
Pop Quizzes
Summary
 Partial reinforcement
 Continuous
reinforcement –
reinforce every time
(best for animals)
FR
FI
VR
VI
Schedules of reinforcement
 Fixed – predictable
 Variable – not predictable (varies)
 Ratio – every 3 responses, every 10 responses
 Interval – time every month, 4 minutes
Fixed-ratio schedule FR
Variable-ratio schedule
VR
Fixed-interval
FI
Variable-interval
VI
1. _______________ Paid 10 dollars for every 20
puzzles solved
2. _______________ Studying for a class that has
surprise quizzes
3. _______________ Slot machines are based on this
schedule
Fixed-ratio schedule
FR
Variable-ratio schedule
VR
Fixed-interval
FI
Variable-interval
VI
5. _______________ Playing Bingo
6. _______________ Getting a paycheck at the end of
2 weeks
7. _______________ A strike in bowling
8. _______________ Calling your mechanic to see if
your car is fixed
9. _______________ Frequent flyer program
where you get points every 100 m.
10. ______________ Waiting for a sunny day to
go to the beach
11. ______________ Wife is watching boxing
match with husband-she receives a kiss at the end of
every 3-minute round
What is Social Learning Theory?
 Albert Bandura:
Bobo doll. We learn
by observing the
behavior of others
and from imagining
the consequences of
our own behavior.
Social Learning Theory Cont.
 Modeling: we imitate people who we
 Resemble
 Identify with
 View as successful
 Vicarious Reinforcement and Punishment
Bobo doll experiment
 Albert Bandura allowed children to watch an adult
play with a bobo doll.
 The experimental group watched a video of an adult
playing violently with the doll
 The control group watched a boring video.
 The experimental group children imitated the violent
behavior.
 Insight Learning: This is an extension
of the term, insight which was identified
by Wolfgang Kohler while studying the
behavior of chimpanzees. He said that
insight learning is a type of learning or
problem solving that happens all-of-asudden through understanding the
relationships of various parts of a
problem rather than through trial and
error.
Sultan, one of Kohler's chimpanzes,
learned to use a stick to pull bananas
from outside of his cage by putting pieces
of stick together. Given two sticks that
could be fitted together to make a single
pole that was long enough to reach the
bananas, aligned the sticks and in a flash
of sudden inspiration, fitted the two
sticks together and pulled in the
bananas. He didn't do this by trial and
Classical Conditioning
(to tune of You Are My Sunshine)
You are my Pavlov,
The dogs of Pavlov
You paired the food
with the lights and bells
Response was very involuntary
You taught
classic conditioning well
OPERANT CONDITIONING
His name is Skinner, oh BF Skinner
You put the lab rats
inside your box
With reinforcements,
and even punishments
Consequences shape the response
Learning Quiz
1. The major perspective that
studies how our behaviors are
shaped by our environment is
a. psychodynamic b. behaviorism
c. humanistic
d. biomedical
2. Classical conditioning
was studied by
a. Pavlov b. Bandura
c. Freud d. Skinner
3."Little Albert," a very young boy,
was conditioned to be afraid of a
rat. He also became fearful of white
furry rabbits and bearded men. This
is an example of
spontaneous recovery
b. higher order conditioning
c. extinction
d. stimulus generalization
a.
4. A team coach who benches
a player for poor performance
is using
a. aversive conditioning
b. modeling
c. negative reinforcement
d. punishment
5.Advertisers try to use
higher order (classical)
conditioning by
a. pairing images that evoke good
feelings with pictures of their products
b. sounding loud tones at key points in
the ad
c. reducing fear or anxiety as they
repeatedly show the same commercial
d. associating the UCS with a cognitive
6. _____ occurs when
making a response removes
an unpleasant event.
a. positive reinforcement
b. extinction
c. negative reinforcement
d. punishment
7. Your young niece has a temper
tantrum in the store when you
two are shopping. If you buy her
a toy you are
a. being practical
b. being kind
c. encouraging more tantrums
d. discouraging more destructive
8. He was famous for the
Little Albert experiment
a. Albert Bandura b. Sigmund
Freud
c. Ivan Pavlov
d. John Watson
9.The Little Albert
experiment illustrated
a. How fears can be learned
b. generalization
c. unethical experimentation
d. all of the above
10. Which of the following is an example of
shaping?
a. A dog learns to salivate at the sight of a box of
dog biscuits
b. A new driver learns to stop at an intersection
when the light changes to red
c. A parrot is rewarded first for making any
sound, then for making a sound similar to
“Laura,” and then for “speaking” its owner's name
d. A psychology student reinforces a laboratory
rat only occasionally, to make its behavior more
resistant to extinction
11. People who get sick after
eating at a restaurant STILL won’t
eat at that restaurant even when
they know it wasn’t the
restaurant’s fault. This is called
a. instinctive drift
b. Garcia effect
c. secondary conditioning
d. Cheech and Chong syndrome
12. Parents nag and nag you
until your grades go up.
They stop nagging when
your grades go up. This is
a. positive reinforcement
b. negative reinforcement
c. positive punishment
d. negative punishment
13. Every time you call your
boyfriend he’s depressed angry and
disappoints you in every way. As a
result, you don’t call him anymore.
The boyfriend is unknowingly
_____ you for calling him.
a. positively reinforcing
b. negatively reinforcing
c. positively punishing
14. Albert Bandura’s Bobo
Doll experiment
illustrated
a. negative reinforcement
b. social learning theory
c. classical conditioning
d. operant conditioning
15. Many psychologists cite
Bandura’s research to illustrate
how
a. teens conform to fashion fads
b. introverted personalities succeed in high
school
c. exposure to violent TV and games leads to
violent behavior
d. abused women justify staying with their