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Transcript
The Learning Perspective: How the Environment Influences Behavior 1 Definition Learning – a change in behavior due to experience with the environment 2 Ivan Pavlov Studied digestive reflexes and salivation in dogs 3 Classical Conditioning Learning through automatic associations Reflex/Involuntary behaviors, emotions 4 Classical Conditioning Food Salivation •Unconditioned (unlearned) association Food (Unconditioned Stimulus) Salivation (Unconditioned Response) Classical Conditioning Bell (Neutral Stimulus) Food Salivation Unconditioned Stimulus Unconditioned Response • If you pair a NS with UCS a number of times… Classical Conditioning Bell (Conditioned Stimulus) Salivation (Conditioned Response) • It will begin to elicit a conditioned response Terminology Neutral Stimulus (NS) Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS) Once paired with UCS, NS becomes conditioned stimulus (CS) and elicits conditioned response (CR) on its own 9 10 Factors that increase acquisition forward pairing strong UCS UCS and NS closer in time higher frequency of pairings distinctive CS 11 Other principles of Classical Conditioning Stimulus Discriminaton Stimulus Generalization Extinction Spontaneous Recovery Higher-order conditioning 12 John B. Watson and Little Albert 13 Classical Conditioning in the Real World Advertising 14 15 16 17 Classical Conditioning in the Real World Advertising PTSD Aversions Phobias 18 19 Applications of Classical Conditioning to change behavior Counterconditioning Aversion Training 20 Early Operant Conditioning E.L. Thorndike (1898) the “Puzzle Box” Thorndike’s Law of Effect 21 B. F. Skinner the Skinner Box 22 Reinforcement Increases the likelihood of a behavior Primary and Secondary reinforcers Positive reinforcement Negative reinforcement 23 Principles of Operant Conditioning Shaping Generalization Discrimination Extinction Multiple reinforcement 24 Increasing Behavior Tips Timing Quality of reward Partial schedules of reinforcement 25 Classical vs. Operant Conditioning CLASSICAL OPERANT Stimulus precedes response Learning through associations Involuntary behavior Stimulus follows response Learning through consequences Voluntary behavior 26 Punishment Decreases the likelihood of a behavior not the same as negative reinforcement! Punishment by application (a.k.a. positive punishment, aversive punishment) Punishment by removal (a.k.a. negative punishment, response cost) 27 Problems with Punishment 28 DRO Training Steps 29 Applications of Operant Conditioning to change behavior behavior modification uses shaping, incentives token economy 30 Social-Cognitive Learning Theories Depart from strict behaviorism Take into account: Role of awareness Role of self-evaluation 31 Latent Learning Tolman’s rat study 3 groups 1. food at end of maze daily 2. no food in maze 3. no food in maze for 9 days, food in maze on 10th day cognitive maps 32 Insight Learning Insight = the sudden perception of the connection of parts of a problem that allows one to see a clear solution the aha! moments 33 This is a most unusual paragraph. How quickly can you find out what is so unusual about it? It looks so ordinary that you would think that nothing is wrong with it at all, and, in fact, nothing is. But it is unusual. Why? If you study it and think about it, you may find out, but I am not going to assist you in any way. You must do it without any hints or coaching. No doubt, if you work at it for a bit, it will dawn on you. Who knows? Go to work and try your skill. Good luck! 34 26 L. of the A. 9 P. in the S.S. 200 D. for P.G. in M. 5 D. in a Z.C. 11 P. on a F. T. 88 P.K. 4 A. in a D. of C. 35 Observational Learning Learning from others Bandura’s social learning theory: 1. attention 2. retention (memory) 3. reproduction (imitation) 4. motivation 36 Enhancing observational learning Status/Behavior of model Dependence of observer Uncertainty Outcome observational learning can lead to undesirable behaviors as well! 37 Learning Aggression Bandura’s Bobo doll study 3 IV conditions: 1. model rewarded 2. model scolded 3. no consequences 38 39 Do we ‘learn’ violence? Television violence Video games Pornography 40