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Ch. 6“Learning” Next Quiz (#3) covers pages 126-149 LEARNING: A relatively permanent change in behavior that results from experience PRINCIPLES 1 . L e a rn in g is a c h a n g e in m e n ta l s ta te . C h a n g e o c c u rs i n s i d e t h e le a r n e r 2 . S e e n o n ly th ro u g h o b s e rv a tio n 3 . L e a r n i n g i n v o lv e s a c h a n g e o f b e h a v i o r 4 . R e s u lt s f r o m e x p e r i e n c e ( r e p e t i t io n ) 5 . L e a r n i n g i s r e la t i v e l y p e r m a n e n t 6 . C a n b e a p p li e d / tr a n s f e r r e d t o a n e w s i t u a t io n 7 . W a t c h i n g , L i s t e n i n g , R e a d i n g , e t c . a l l c o n t r i b u t e to le a r n i n g LEARNING is based on an association between stimuli and responses THE … A – B – C’s of Learning A__________ Behaviors C__________ Classical Conditioning (Ivan Pavlov) ______________ elicits a _______________ [S R] EXAMPLE: Bell rings, students leave! I v a n P a v lo v (R u s s ia n B io lo g is t) D ig e stiv e s y ste m o f d o g s – sa liv a tio n a t th e sig h t o f fo o d is e x p e c te d C a n w e g e t th e d o g to s a liv a te a t th e a n tic ip a tio n o f f o o d ? ? ? ? C a n w e g e t th e d o g to r e s p o n d to a n in a p p r o p ria te s tim u lu s ? ? ? ? P a v lo v ’s d is c o v e r y le a d s to C la s s ic a l C o n d itio n in g T h e E le m e n ts : U n C o n d itio n e d S tim u lu s (U C S ) U n C o n d itio n e d R e sp o n se (U C R ) N e u t r a l S t im u l u s ( N S ) C o n d i t i o n e d S t im u l u s ( C S ) C o n d itio n e d R e sp o n se (C R ) THE FORMULA UCS UCR IN OTHER WORDS An ___________________ stimulus elicits an unconditioned response NS + UCS UCR A ______________ stimulus paired with an unconditioned stimulus elicits an unconditioned response CS CR A _______________ stimulus elicits a conditioned response Pavlov makes his way into “The Office” http://vimeo.com/537 1237 or http://www.NBC.com/ The_Office/video/#me a=133738 Season 3 Episode 16 Experiment time! A hop, skip, and a jump! _____ → UCS _____ + NS Startle _____ UCR _____ → UCS _____ CS → _____ UCR _____ CR Go over Classical Conditioning worksheet – numbers 1-10 TYPES OF CLASSICAL CONDITIONING 1. S______________ 2. D____________ 3. T____________ 4. B____________ http://www.dushkin.com/connectext/psy/ch06/tempstim.mhtml Demonstrating Types of Classical Conditioning OTHER KEY VOCABULARY (131-133) •Contingency Theory •_______________ •Spontaneous Recovery •Generalization •_______________ •Higher Order Conditioning How does this cartoon exhibit HIGHER ORDER CONDITIONING? Reading: What Ever Happened to Baby Albert? Anxiety The physiological and psychological reaction to an expected danger, whether real or _______________. http://allpsych.com/disorders/anxiety/index.html Anxiety Disorders _______________Attack Period of extreme anxiety and physical symptoms such as heart palpitations, shakiness, dizziness, and racing thoughts. Initial attacks are often reported to feel like a heart attack due to the heart palpitations. A medical exam should be conducted to rule out any such condition. Phobia An intense fear of a specific object or situation. Most of us consider ourselves to have phobias, but to be diagnosable, the fear must significantly __________ ______ ______ _____ __________. http://www.phobialist.com/ 1. M-m-m-math Anxiety? It’s All in the Teaching (2002) 2. When Fear Takes Control of the Mind (2006) 3. Could Fear Wreak Havoc on Your Life? (2001) How do we help baby Albert? (Therapies) Counterconditioning Methods – Peter & the Rabbit http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XcxKIJTb3Hg (2:08) _______________ A behavioral technique used to treat phobias in which the client is presented with the feared stimulus until the associated anxiety disappears. Systematic __________________________ A treatment technique where the client is exposed to gradually increasing anxiety provoking stimuli while relaxing; the goal is for the client to eventually confront a phobia or fear without the previously associated anxiety. (Movie Clip: What about Bob?) (Therapies continued) ________________ Therapy A type of behavioral treatment where an aversive stimuli is paired with a negative behavior in hopes that the behavior will change in the future to avoid the aversive stimuli. Ex. Chemicals + Alcohol = Sick Therapy in the 21st Century Articles: •Virtual Cures •Virtually Fearless (1999) •Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy VRE and Soldiers Overcome Burns http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jNIqyyypojg http://vrlab.epfl.ch/~bhbn/psy/index-VR-Psychology.html#sandbox Video: Things That Go Bump! From Discovery Health Channel http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q6-p9Ul5En4 _____ → Salivation _____ UCS _____ UCR Meat + Powder _____ NS → Salivation _____ UCS Bell _____ CS → UCR _____ CR & other forms of learning Operant Conditioning – A simple form of learning in which an organism learns to engage in behavior because it is reinforced 1905 Formalized the Law of __________ http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BDujDOLre-8&feature=related Edward L. _______________ Figure 1. (1911) Illustration of a "Puzzle Box" Used in His Research on Instrumental Learning in Cats. http://www.youtube.com/ watch?v=I_ctJqjlrHA&fe ature=related (time 3:57) OPERANT (__________) BOX or CHAMBER PROJECT _______________ B.F. ___________(1904 – 1990) TYPES OF REINFORCERS • _____________REINFORCERS (ex. food, water, & adequate warmth) • ______________ or CONDITIONED REINFORCERS (ex. money) • _____________REINFORCERS (ex. Stephan and Cody were two mentally disabled boys who seldom smiled at other people. Dr. Hopkins used a procedure in which he would take them for walks, and if they smiled at passers by, he would give them some pieces of M & M's candy. This procedure caused Stephan and Cody to smile much more often than they had before. • _____________REINFORCERS (ex. Insect bite itches, Scratch it.) How do our M & M friends demonstrate the idea of Operant Conditioning? What kinds of behavior are elicited first? What about ____________ (138) & ______________(138-139)? What about _____________ (142) & __________________________________? LET’S LOOK AT… Positive Reinforcement vs. Negative Reinforcement vs. Punishment Use of Reinforcement and Punishment in Shaping a Child‘s Behavior http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MPHcw2vz9H0&feature=related (time 4:28) REWARDS vs. • Reward and Reinforcer can be used interchangeably • What is rewarding to you may not be rewarding to another. PUNISHMENTS • Punishment doesn’t suggest what to do. • Works only if guaranteed & consistent • Severely punished may withdraw (Seligman) • Can create hostility • May be imitated (Monkey see…) • Draws attention to it PAGES 138 - 139 SCHEDULES OF REINFORCEMENT • CONTINUOUS vs. _________________ • INTERVAL (____________) SCHEDULES – Fixed – Variable • RATIO (_______________) SCHEDULES – Fixed – Variable 1. ___________________________-- the first correct response after a set amount of time has passed is reinforced (i.e., a consequence is delivered). The time period required is always the same. 2. _________________________-- the first correct response after a set amount of time has passed is reinforced. After the reinforcement, a new time period (shorter or longer) is set with the average equaling a specific number over a sum total of trials. 3. _______________________-- a reinforcer is given after a specified number of correct responses. This schedule is best for learning a new behavior. Notice that behavior is relatively stable between reinforcements, with a slight delay after a reinforcement is given. Also notice the number of behaviors observed during the 30 minute time period is larger than that seen under either of the interval schedules. 4. ______________________-- a reinforcer is given after a set number of correct responses. After reinforcement the number of correct responses necessary for reinforcement changes. This schedule is best for maintaining behavior. •_____________________ Monkey see, monkey do! •_____________________ Get away with or are rewarded for violence They always “get the girl/guy/money/car - etc. •_____________________ Works the audience up Watch the fans at a sporting event Watch your friends watch the WWF •_____________________ We become used to - desensitization 1. Violent behavior is not representative of most people 2. Violent behaviors are not real - special effects and technology 3. Most people use other than violent means to resolve conflict ___________________ Arbitration ___________________ Other •Positive modeling •Abiding by rating system •Encourage other activities •Act - call legislators •Monitor - watch first, watch with, explain •Limit time •Watch educational programs