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Transcript
Anxiety Disorders
By Dr seddigh
HUMS
Anxiety Disorders
 Primary disturbance is
 distressing‫رنج روانی‬,
 persistent anxiety‫ اضطراب مستمر‬or
 maladaptive behaviors‫رفتار غیر انطباقی‬
 that reduce anxiety
 Anxiety - diffuse‫منتشر‬, vague feelings ‫ احساس مبهم‬of fear
and apprehension
– everyone experiences it
– becomes a problem when it is irrational, uncontrollable,
and disruptive ‫غیر قابل کنترل ودر هم گسیخته‬،‫غیر منطقی‬
Generalized Anxiety Disorder
(GAD) ‫اختالل اضطراب منتشر‬
More or less constant worry about many
issues ‫نگرانی مداوم در اکثر موقعیتها‬
The worry seriously interferes with
functioning
‫اختالل عملکرد جدی‬
Physical symptoms ‫عالئم جسمی‬
– Headaches
– Stomachaches
– muscle tension
‫سردرد‬
‫ناراحتی معده‬
‫تنش عضالنی‬
Model of Development
of GAD
GAD has some genetic component
Related genetically to major depression
Childhood trauma also related to GAD
Genetic predisposition
or childhood trauma
Hypervigilance
GAD following life
change or major event
Phobias
Intense, irrational fear that may
focus on:
– category of objects ‫اشیا‬
– event or situation ‫موقعیتها‬
– social setting ‫مسایل اجتماعی‬
Phobias
 It is not phobic to simply be anxious about something
Study of normal anxieties
100
Percentage 90
of people 80
surveyed 70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Snakes Being Mice Flying Being Spiders Thunder Being Dogs Driving Being Cats
in high,
on an closed in, and
and
alone
a car
in
exposed
airplane in a
insects lightning in
a crowd
places
small
a house
of people
place
at night
Afraid of it
Bothers slightly
Not at all afraid of it
Specific Phobias
Specific phobias - fear of specific
object
– animals (e.g., snakes)
– substances (e.g., blood)
– situations (e.g., heights)
– more often in females than males
Some Unusual Phobias
Ailurophobia - fear of cats
Algobphobia - fear of pain
Anthropophobia - fear of men
Monophobia - fear of being alone
Pyrophobia - fear of fire
Social Phobias
Social phobias - fear of failing or being
embarrassed ‫ خجالت زده‬in public
–
–
–
–
public speaking (stage fright)
fear of crowds, strangers
meeting new people
eating in public
‫صحبت کردن‬
‫ترس از شلوغی‬
‫مالقات افراد جدید‬
‫خوردن و آشامیدن‬
Considered phobic if these fears interfere
with normal behavior ‫تداخل با رفتار طبیعی‬
Equally often in males and females ♂ = ♀
Development of Phobias
Classical conditioning model

‫مدل شرطی شدن کالسیک‬
– e.g., dog = CS, bite = UCS
– problems:
• often no memory of a traumatic experience
• traumatic experience may not produce
phobia
Obsessive-Compulsive
Disorder (OCD)
 Obsessions - irrational, disturbing thoughts
that intrude into consciousness
 Compulsions - repetitive actions performed to
alleviate obsessions
 Checking and washing most common
compulsions
 Heightened neural activity in caudate nucleus
Panic Disorder
Panic attacks - helpless terror, high
physiological arousal
Very frightening - sufferers live in
fear of having them
Agoraphobia often develops as a
result
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
(PTSD)
Follows traumatic event or events such as
war, rape, or assault
Symptoms include:
–
–
–
–
–
–
nightmares
flashbacks
sleeplessness
easily startled
depression
irritability
Somatoform Disorders
Bodily ailments in absence of any
physical disease
Examples are conversion disorder and
somatization disorder
Psychological Influences
on Physical Symptoms
and Diseases
Conversion Disorder
Person temporarily
loses some bodily
function
– blindness, deafness,
paralyzed portion of
body
– glove anesthesia
No physical
damage to cause
Conversion Disorder
Rare in western culture now
– relatively common 100 years ago
– prominent in Freud’s work/clients
Often see examples in non-Western
people exposed to traumatic event
– e.g., high rate of psychological blindness in
Cambodian women after Khmer Rouge reign of
terror in 1970s
Somatization Disorder
Long history of dramatic complaints re:
different medical conditions
– complaints usually vague, undifferentiated
– e.g., heart palpitations, dizziness, nausea
Often difficult to determine whether
complaints are somatization or undetectable
physical disease
Somatization Disorder
Kleinman’s theory
– somatization and depression are different
manifestations of the same problem
– cross-cultural research
• pattern of somatoform disorders affected by
cultural beliefs