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PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS WHAT IS ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR? • Four criteria help distinguish normal from abnormal behavior: • Uncommon • Violation of social norms * • Personal distress • Level of impairment PREVALENCE OF ABNORMAL BEHAVIORS • 26% of Americans over 18 have diagnosable psychological disorders within a given year; 46% lifetime prevalence • Psychological disorders are leading cause of disability in U.S. and Canada for individuals between 15 and 44 PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS • Why do these occur? • Biological theories – Relating to neurons and neurotransmitters • Psychological theories – Related to upbringing and experiences • Social or cultural theories – Related to societal pressures GENERAL ANXIETY DISORDER • Symptoms: - Psychological: Uncontrollable worry, panic, or fear - Physical: Fatigue, nausea, trembling, insomnia • Affects 3.1% of U.S. PANIC ATTACK • Discrete period of intense fear or discomfort, which usually peaks within 10 minutes. • And… 4 of the following: • • • • Racing Heart Trembling Choking Nausea Sweating Shortness of breath Chest discomfort Dizziness/lightheadedness OCD • Obsessions Or compulsions that cause marked distress or impairment in functioning. • Affects 2.3% of population • Symptoms: • Compulsive behavior, repetition, agitation OCD • Obsessions: persistent, intrusive thoughts, images and impulses. • Product of own mind (e.g., not hallucinations) • Difficulty ignoring or suppressing obsessions • Compulsions: Repetitive behaviors or mental acts (to reduce distress and anxiety…attempt to prevent fear from occurring in an unrealistic way). DEPRESSION • Affects 9.5% of the population per year • Most experience some depression • clinical depression is related to length of time symptoms exist • Symptoms: • Behavioral and mood changes, Insomnia, Weight loss, social isolation DEPRESSIVE DISORDERS • Depression is leading cause of disability in U.S. and worldwide • 17% acute episode in lifetime; 6% chronic • Average age of onset is 32 • 15 to 24 years at highest risk for major depressive episode BIPOLAR DISORDER • Bipolar disorder is more than just mood swings • Affects 2.6% of population • Symptoms: • Rapid and sudden shift in mood between two states (poles) • Involves depression and mania • Mania is a state of high energy, impulsiveness, and euphoria SCHIZOPHRENIA • From Greek…“split mind” • Affects approximately 1-2% of population in lifetime • Strong biological component SCHIZOPHRENIA 2 or more of these criteria: • • • • Delusions Hallucinations Disorganized speech Grossly disorganized, or catatonic behavior PERSONALITY DISORDER • Psychopathy, sociopathy, antisocial personality disorder • Estimated as high as 9% of the population • Symptoms vary, but can be: - Lack of sympathy, empathy, understanding or acceptance of social norms PTSD • Exposure to traumatic event • “actual or threatened death, serious injury, or physical integrity” • Response involved intense fear, helplessness • Re-experience event: images, dreams, reliving, or intense distress from triggers of event • Persistent avoidance of anything related to the experiment