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Download CCS Summer School Developing countries Context July 6-11, 2014, Austin, Texas
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CCS Summer School July 6-11, 2014, Austin, Texas Carbon Capture and Storage: Developing countries Context Joseph Essandoh-Yeddu, PhD Member, Ghana negotiating party to the UN Climate Change & Kyoto Protocol Chief, Planning and Policy Energy Commission, Ghana 1 Navigating the Climate Change meetings (late 1970s-1980s: Decade of Climate concerns) • In 1979 (February) – First World Climate Conference held in Geneva, sponsored by WMO. • In 1988, the United Nations General Assembly adopted a resolution (called 43/53 proposed by Malta) urging “ protection of global climate for present and future generations of Mankind”. • In the same year (1988), recognising the possible relationship GHG and their potential impact on climate, the WMO and UNEP established the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) as the scientific body to look at the Climate Change claims. 2 UNFCCC • In 1990, the IPCC issued its First Assessment Report (AR1) which sought to confirm that the threat of climate change was real. • The Second World Climate Conference held in the same year (1990) called for the creation of global climate change treaty. • 1n 1991, the UN General Assembly responded by passing a resolution (45/212) formally commencing negotiations on a convention on climate change. • In 1992, UN member countries joined hands in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil to enact and adopt an international treaty – United Nations Framework Convention for Climate Change (UNFCCC). 3 International agreement designations Signature – signing (by country top representative) Ratification - (by constitution via parliament/congress /cabinet) charter, accord - Not legally binding convention, treaty - Legally binding Protocol – stronger and with definite steps to follow 4 Kyoto Protocol (Kp) • The Kyoto Protocol, a more powerful treaty with legally binding measures was adopted in 1997 in Kyoto Japan, to strengthen the UNFCCC. • The Kyoto Protocol commits and sets quantified reduction/limitation targets of GHG for Annex 1 and Annex 2 (countries undergoing economic transition). • Aim of the global effort is to reduce the total GHG emissions then, by at least 5% to pre-1990 levels. 1990 - the ‘baseline’ year for the Kyoto Protocol. • Targets were to be achieved over the period 2008–2012 (first commitment period). • The Kyoto Protocol entered into force on February 16, 2005. • Over 160 countries have ratified the UNFCCC and about 80% of them excluding United States are parties to the Kyoto Protocol. 5 CO2 and Global Warming – Concentration and Mean Global Temperature levels Why pre-1990 levels? 6 Estimated Carbon dioxide concentration: Period: glacial , industrial revolution, up to 1990 By Volume ppm Year/Period 500 million years ago 7,660 199-145 million years ago 1,532-1,915 Interglacial ≈160 400,000-50,000 BC (yrs) ≈300 Pre-industrial (<1800) 200 280 1800 300 1961 318 1990 350 By Mass ppm Fraction by Mass Actual Mass X 1015 kg 11,640 2,328-2,910 274 (-8oC) 456 (3oC) 304 425 456 483 532 0.01164 0.00153-0.0029 60.0 7.88-15.00 0.000274 ≈1.411 0.000304 0.000425 0.000456 0.000483 0.000532 1.566 2.189 2.348 2.487 2.740 Actual Mass = (mass x 10-6 kg) * (5.15 x 1018 kg) Source: IPCC, 2007 7 The Climate Treaties UNFCCC (Rio – 1992) • The Kyoto Protocol (Kyoto 1997) COP : Conference of Parties COP-MOP : Meeting of Parties • The Convention divides COPMOP = CMP countries into 3 main groups with differing commitments • Kyoto Protocol groups the • Annex I Parties – OECD (Organization of Economic Parties into two: Cooperation & Development) in 1992 + countries/Economies in Transition (EIT) + Russia • Annex II Parties of OECD members but not the EIT parties. Required to provide financial resources • Annex B Parties - Annex 1 countries of UNFCCC • Non – Annex B Parties – All other countries. • Non – Annex I Parties – All other countries. 8 Annexes /appendices to CLIMATE CHANGE documents UNFCCC • Annex 1 • Developed countries + European economies in transition Kyoto Protocol • Annex A • Selected Greenhouse gases. • Sectors/ source categories. • Annex II • Developed economies only. • Annex B • Annex 1 countries of UNFCCC legally committed to reducing GHG emissions. 9 Groupings Annex 1 • European Union • Umbrella Group • Include Japan, USA, Australia, Russian Fed • Environmental integrity group – Include Rep of Korea, Switzerland • Eastern European Expect new groups Non-Annex 1 parties • G77 and China • African group • Least developed countries group (50) – Include Lesotho, Zambia, Sierra Leone • Congo Basin states • League of Arab States • Alliance of Small Island States (AOSIS) (≈ 43) • Group of Latin American and Caribbean States Expect new groups 10 Strategies to reduce GHG emission of Parties • Kyoto Protocol • Joint implementation Between Annex B countries • Carbon (Emission) trading Between Annex B Countries • CDM – Clean Development Mechanism Between Developed and developing countries • Carbon Markets I. Compliance Market II. Voluntary Market 11 Carbon Capture and Storage Developing countries/Parties context COP 16 CMP6 (Cancun Agreement, 2010) approved CCS in geologic formations as a CDM project activity. Most African Parties openly opposed! Why the stand ? Co - benefits • Deep surface oil and gas technologies. • Capacity building • In adequate information • Lack of awareness • Background of most representatives Developing countries concerns_JosephGHANA.pdf 12 Thank you, folks!! Emails: [email protected] [email protected]