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Global Environmental Change Climate Change, Global Warming, Ozone Depletion… …what’s going on? Stratospheric Ozone Depletion https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OMtZ C4FV_zM What are Halogen Gases? Where do CFC’s come from? Where else can we find Ozone depleting chemicals? What are the key sources of Ozone depleting chemicals? How has Ozone Changed over Antarctica? http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Features /WorldOfChange/ozone.php What does Ozone thinning look like in the Artic. How long do CFC’s last??? The chlorine atoms can break down tens of thousands of ozone molecules before being removed from the stratosphere. Given the longevity of CFC molecules, recovery times are measured in decades. It is calculated that a CFC molecule takes an average of 15 years to go from the ground level up to the upper atmosphere, and it can stay there for about a century, destroying up to one hundred thousand ozone molecules during that time. What are the effects of Ozone depletion? Skin cancer Cataracts Damage to crops Loss in productivity of phytoplankton in the ocean., Montreal Protocol After a series of rigorous meetings and negotiations, the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer was finally agreed upon on 16 September 1987 at the Headquarters of the International Civil Aviation Organization in Montreal. The Montreal Protocol stipulates that the production and consumption of compounds that deplete ozone in the stratosphere--chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), halons, carbon tetrachloride, and methyl chloroform--are to be phased out by 2000 (2005 for methyl chloroform). Scientific theory and evidence suggest that, once emitted to the atmosphere, these compounds could significantly deplete the stratospheric ozone layer that shields the planet from damaging UV-B radiation. Back to the Troposphere What is Climate? Climate = the average and variations of weather over a long period of time (~30 years) Above: Global average for atmospheric water vapor. What is Weather? Weather = all natural phenonmena within the atmosphere at a given time (hours to days) Modern Climate Systems Atmospheric circulation Modern Climate Systems Atmospheric circulation Sunlight The Climate System Oceans Atmosphere Ice Biosphere Land The Earth has many different systems that interact with each other in different ways. Modern Climate Systems Ocean circulation Sinking cool water, rising warm water and wind help to form global ocean current systems. The Great Ocean Conveyor Modern Climate Systems Atmosphere and Greenhouse Effect The Earth’s atmosphere keeps it around 30°C warmer than it would otherwise be. This is the Greenhouse Effect What is the Greenhouse Effect? The temperature of the Earth depends on the amount of energy we receive from the sun versus the amount of energy lost back out to space. cc. Robert A. Rohde (Global Warming Art) Past Climate Systems How do we know about climate systems in the past? Past Climate Systems 1. Early human record cc. W.V. Bailey Rock paintings provide evidence of fertile Sahara region (now desert) 6,000 years ago. Tourism NT http://www.travelnt.com Past Climate Systems 2. Geomorphology River deltas show where rivers entered the ocean or a lake. Above: A “U” shaped valley shows that it was formed by a glacier. Past Climate Systems 3. Geological record Fossils preserve evidence of past life. Drilling into the ground can recover rock layers that record what conditions were like when the rock was deposited. Past Climate Systems 4. Ice cores Ice cores can preserve seasonal layering. Studying the chemistry of each layer can give clues about climate change. GISP2 ice core at 1837m depth with clearly visible annual layers. Is the Climate Changing? What are the current climate trends? Global temperature for the last 150 years cc. Robert A. Rohde http://www.globalwarmingart.com/wiki/Image:Instrumental_Temperature_Record_png What are the current climate trends? cc. Robert A. Rohde http://www.globalwarmingart.com/wiki/Image:Global_Warming_Map_jpg Looking further into the past… Global temperature for the last 1000 years cc. Robert A. Rohde http://www.globalwarmingart.com/wiki/Image:1000_Year_Temperature_Comparison_png What causes it? Human ImpactsGreenhouse Gases: *CO2 *methane *nitrous oxide *fluorinated compounds Anthropogenic Influence Fossil fuel Aerosols Cement manufacture Land use Livestock cc. Robert A. Rohde http://www.globalwarmingart.com/wiki/Image:Carbon_Dioxide_400kyr.png Who’s Responsible? Burning of fossil fuels is main cause •U.S. is leader in greenhouse gasses •Human impacts are changing the composition of the atmosphere What causes it? Natural Impacts: *Change in sun’s energy output *Volcanoes *clouds *Water vapor The Carbon Cycle Future predictions… Based on no changes in emissions (“business as usual”) The U.S. would be 23.5°C hotter on average. cc. Robert A. Rohde http://www.globalwarmingart.com/wiki/Image:Global_Warming_Predictions_Map_jpg What does it all mean? Sea level rise More extreme weather Changes in precipitation Spread of disease cc. Robert A. Rohde http://www.globalwarmingart.com/wiki/Image:Recent_Sea_Level_Rise_png What’s all this talk about Arctic Ice increasing? http://nsidc.org/news/press/20091005_mi nimumpr.html Questions to be answered… How fast will the sea level rise? How much warmer will it get? When will the Arctic Ocean be ice-free? Will the water cycle accelerate? Are climate extremes increasing? Will there be abrupt changes? Boiling Frog Syndrome Science can provide knowledge… …We all have to provide the solutions.