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Climate Change and HFCs a very brief scientific introduction Archie McCulloch Greenhouse Gases (Kyoto) Carbon dioxide - CO2 Methane - CH4 Nitrous oxide - N2O The F-gases: HFC - hydrofluorocarbon PFC - perfluorocarbon SF6 - sulphur hexafluoride Greenhouse Gases (Kyoto) Carbon dioxide - CO2 Methane - CH4 Nitrous oxide - N2O The F-gases: HFC - hydrofluorocarbon PFC - perfluorocarbon SF6 - sulphur hexafluoride Montreal Protocol Gases CFC - chlorofluorocarbon HCFC - hydrochlorofluorocarbon CFCs and HCFCs Deplete stratospheric ozone Are also Greenhouse Gases CFCs and HCFCs Deplete stratospheric ozone stratosphere 40 km 25 km Are Greenhouse Gases 15 km CFCs and HCFCs Deplete stratospheric ozone stratosphere 40 km 25 km Are Greenhouse Gases 15 km Production and Consumption are controlled by the Montreal Protocol. Emissions are not controlled. Stratospheric Ozone Depletion and Climate Change can be addressed separately, even though they have scientific interconnections. HFCs Do not deplete stratospheric ozone 40 km 25 km Are Greenhouse Gases troposphere 15 km HFCs Do not deplete stratospheric ozone 40 km 25 km Are Greenhouse Gases troposphere 15 km Emissions are controlled under the Kyoto Protocol. Other Kyoto Greenhouse Gases are: Carbon dioxide (CO2), methane, nitrous oxide, perfluorocarbons sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) - all controlled; Ozone, hydrocarbons - not controlled. The Environmental Impact of any substance depends on The Quantity of the Substance EMITTED and The Properties of the Substance These Window air conditioners will affect climate change by EMISSION of greenhouse gases. They consume electricity, which is generated from fossil fuel combustion and so results in EMISSION of CO2 They consume electricity, which is generated from fossil fuel combustion and so results in EMISSION of CO2 During normal operation there is NO EMISSION of the operating fluid. They consume electricity, which is generated from fossil fuel combustion and so results in EMISSION of CO2 During normal operation there is NO EMISSION of the operating fluid. When the units are serviced or scrapped the fluid may be emitted. Their Environmental Impact depends on The quantity of electricity used (which has implications for energy efficiency) and The amount of operating fluid emitted, and its Global Warming Potential (GWP). Greenhouse gases absorb infra-red radiation and hence can affect the climate for as long as they persist in the atmosphere. Absolute Global Warming Potential (Wm-2yrppm-1) 3 2.5 CO2 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 0 100 200 300 Time after emission (years) 400 500 Greenhouse gases absorb infra-red radiation and hence can affect the climate for as long as they persist in the atmosphere. Global Warming Potential (GWP) is a measure over a fixed time period of the effect of an emission of ONE kilogram of the greenhouse gas compared to the effect from ONE kilogram of carbon dioxide over the same period. It takes account of the absorption effectiveness of the gas and its persistence. The persistence of CO2 is ignored. Global Warming Potentials (up to 100 years) CO2 Methane Nitrous Oxide HFC-152a HFC-134a HFC-125 Fluoroform PFC-14 SF6 1 21 310 140 1300 2800 11700 6500 23900 On their own, these numbers do not describe the impact of the gases. Global Warming Potentials (up to 100 years) CO2 Methane Nitrous Oxide HFC-152a HFC-134a HFC-125 Fluoroform PFC-14 SF6 Emission during 2000 (tonnes) 1 30,800,000,000 21 310 350,000,000 11,000,000 140 1300 2800 100,000 11700 7,000 6500 15,000 23900 6,000 6 Radiative Forcing since 1765, Wm-2 5 Projected Climate Forcing, using "Best Estimate" Scenarios 4 3 Carbon Dioxide 2 Methane 1 ODS are Ozone Depleting Substances 0 controlled under the 1990 Montreal Protocol SF 6 Nitrous oxide ODS 2010 2030 2050 Year 2070 2090 PFCs HFCs Trends in Production of HFC-134a 160 140 Production kt/yr 120 Actual Production 100 80 60 40 20 0 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 Year 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 6 With thanks to: 5 (Alternative Fluorocarbons Environmental Acceptability Study) for emission and production data IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) for Global Warming Potentials and Greenhouse Gas emission data University of East Anglia for the Climate Model Radiative Forcing since 1765, Wm-2 AFEAS Projected Climate Forcing, using "Best Estimate" Scenarios 4 3 2 1 0 1990 2010 2030 2050 Year 2070 2090