* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Technical Expert Meetings (TEM)
Fred Singer wikipedia , lookup
ExxonMobil climate change controversy wikipedia , lookup
Climate change mitigation wikipedia , lookup
Global warming controversy wikipedia , lookup
Instrumental temperature record wikipedia , lookup
Soon and Baliunas controversy wikipedia , lookup
Low-carbon economy wikipedia , lookup
Climate change denial wikipedia , lookup
Effects of global warming on human health wikipedia , lookup
Climatic Research Unit documents wikipedia , lookup
Mitigation of global warming in Australia wikipedia , lookup
Climate resilience wikipedia , lookup
Global warming wikipedia , lookup
Climate sensitivity wikipedia , lookup
General circulation model wikipedia , lookup
Climate change feedback wikipedia , lookup
Attribution of recent climate change wikipedia , lookup
Climate engineering wikipedia , lookup
German Climate Action Plan 2050 wikipedia , lookup
Climate change in Tuvalu wikipedia , lookup
Media coverage of global warming wikipedia , lookup
Climate change in the United States wikipedia , lookup
Scientific opinion on climate change wikipedia , lookup
Climate change and agriculture wikipedia , lookup
Climate governance wikipedia , lookup
Economics of global warming wikipedia , lookup
Citizens' Climate Lobby wikipedia , lookup
Solar radiation management wikipedia , lookup
Effects of global warming on humans wikipedia , lookup
Economics of climate change mitigation wikipedia , lookup
Carbon Pollution Reduction Scheme wikipedia , lookup
Climate change, industry and society wikipedia , lookup
Surveys of scientists' views on climate change wikipedia , lookup
2009 United Nations Climate Change Conference wikipedia , lookup
Climate change and poverty wikipedia , lookup
Business action on climate change wikipedia , lookup
Public opinion on global warming wikipedia , lookup
Politics of global warming wikipedia , lookup
GCCA Intra-ACP Programme ACP Special meeting in preparation for the UNFCCC COP21 28th and 29th October, 2015 ACP House, Brussels Mr Hernán Carlino Senior Expert Climate Support Facility An initiative of the ACP Group of States funded by the European Union Contents • • • • The international landscape The 2015 Agreement Structure of the negotiation text Elements of the Agreement o Mitigation o Adaptation o Loss and Damage o REDD-plus o Finance o Technology Transfer o Capacity-building • Workstream 2 The international landscape • Challenges: Time is running out to act on climate change There are other pressing needs: for poverty eradication; income security and creation of new jobs: achieving universal access to energy, food, water, transportation, waste and housing services; and, improving public health and education. Ensure equitable access to sustainable development The international landscape • Those challenges cannot be addressed independently • Ambitious climate mitigation and robust adaptation are needed to avoid that sustainable development and human wellbeing be hindered by climate change impacts. • However, the challenges currently posed by climate change lose significance compared with what is anticipated will occur. The international landscape • Broader global impacts on human life, ecosystems, migration patterns and political stability, as well as food and water security, are to be expected. • Hence the future of the world’s climate system is likely to be heavily dependent on actions to address climate change urgently and over the next few decades. • An agreement in Paris is essential to launch cooperative action at scale. A 2015 Agreement as part of a Paris Package? • A 2015 Agreement • A Paris Pledge • Commitment to the Implementation of the Agreement • Acceleration of action • Climate Finance as a pillar • Technology enabling framework, in particular through funding for innovation • Coalitions for enhanced action The 2015 Agreement • Paris may be seen as the completion of a process that started in Bali • It can also be seen as a definition on how and when developing countries come into the climate regime and under what terms. • An agreement that creates a climate risk management regime The 2015 Agreement • Paris may be seen as the completion of a process that started in Bali • It can also be seen as the definition on how developing countries come into the climate regime and under what terms. • An agreement that creates a climate risk management regime • A below 2°C agreement? The 2015 Agreement • Conditions o A balanced agreement o Creates a governance system o Ensures environmental integrity o Enhances justice and equity o Is transparent o Flexible o Capable of moving from international debate to international cooperation o Reporting, review and communication The 2015 Agreement • Key elements o It must be clear on when we meet again to address the emissions gap o Allows only to increase ambition o A clear and precise review and ratchet up mechanism Structure of the Text Draft agreement and draft decision on workstreams 1 and 2 of the Ad Hoc Working Group on the Durban Platform for Enhanced Action A. Draft Agreement: Preambular part and 26 articles. Definitions, General, Mitigation (3 bis REDD+), Adaptation, Loss and Damage, Finance, Technology Development and Transfer, Capacity-Building, Transparency, Global Stocktaking, Facilitating Implementation and Compliance, CMA, Secretariat, SBSTA an SBI, Bodies and Institutional Arrangements, Signature and Instruments, Further Requirements, Enter into Force, Amendments, Annexes, Settlement of Disputes, Voting, Depositary, Reservations, Withdrawal, Languages B. Draft Decision I. Adoption of the Paris [agreement] II. Intended Nationally Determined Contributions III. Decision to give effect to the agreement IV. Workstream 2 (issued separately) Draft decision on workstream 2: I.Preamble; II. Mitigation; III. Support; IV. Accelerated Implementation: V. Non-Party Stakeholder Engagement; VI High Level Dialogue; VII Adaptation; Elements of the Agreement Central to climate action planning and implementation Mitigation Adaptation Loss and damage REDD-plus Means of implementation: Finance, technology transfer, and capacity building Mitigation • Temperature Goal o Referring to collective efforts, discussions have addressed whether to include the temperature goal and, if so, in which part of the agreement. o The idea of including the temperature goal brought back discussions about whether the agreement should remain within the 2ºC goal or escalate ambition for a 1.5ºC goal. The release of the report on the 2013-2015 Review by the Structured Expert Dialogue (SED) provides the basis to consider strengthening the global goal to limit warming to below 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels. Mitigation • Temperature Goal o A number of developing countries support the inclusion of a temperature goal within the agreement’s objective, o The US supports reflecting the temperature goal in the preamble, and refer to ‘net-zero emissions’ or ‘carbon neutrality’. o Bolivia, the African Group and AOSIS supported reference to a 1.5°C goal. o The EU supports the agreement be compatible with the below 2ºC objective Mitigation • Intended Nationally Determined Contributions o The term ‘contributions’ emerged due to opposition by China, India and others to refer to ‘commitments’ in an agreement ‘applicable to all’. The term itself seems to imply that actions are voluntary and confirm that the agreement will be structured in a ‘bottom-up’ fashion. However, some countries prefer contributions, others commitments and others actions. o The COP in Warsaw requested Parties to “initiate or intensify domestic preparations for their INDCs, without prejudice to the legal nature of the contributions”, which was reiterated in Lima. Mitigation • Intended Nationally Determined Contributions o Still there is no clarity on whether contributions communicated by parties will be legally-binding. o The discussions should clarify whether NDCs will be internationally legally-binding or just nationally determined. o Their legal character should- ideally- be established in the agreement’s provisions and may differ from the legal nature of the agreement. INDCs • Deep implications of the contributions, including: o underlying changes in global energy systems o acceleration and consolidation of deep decarbonization paths, • Massive submission of INCDs • However, aggregate of INDCs is not enough. Contributions not in a trajectory to below 2°C. • Even if INDCs submitted INDCs will slow energy emissions growth dramatically they still Set a path for 2.7°C rise. INDCs • Issues: o How to secure that the global carbon budget is not prematurely exhausted through non cooperative action and free riding? o How to address the mitigation gap? o How to ensure the mutual reinforcement of Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDCs) and Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)? INDCs • Issues: o The 2015 Agreement should establish a clear mechanism to allow the regular, predictable and timely revision of national contributions and the global framework. o The analysis of INDCs indicate that despite proposed efforts there are risks of lock-in into a high carbon trajectory if action is not strengthened quickly. INDCs • An international review of INDCs could contribute to collective efforts and achievement. • Different views were reflected in the GNT on how revision of the aggregate effect of efforts should be done and what would be the consequence of such a review, including whether countries should adjust their mitigation (finance, capacity building and technology transfer) contributions. • Initially an ex-ante review was proposed to review the aggregate level of INDCs presented, although at this point it is clear that such a procedure would not be feasible before Paris, although the report to be presented in November 2015 by the Secretariat will provide an indication of the collective efforts. Adaptation • On adaptation, Parties discussed, inter alia: o the relationship between collective and individual efforts; o the difference between a goal/vision and collective effort; o concerns about linking adaptation finance and the level of mitigation achieved globally. o using the best available science; o linkages between adaptation and support; o country-driven approaches to monitoring and evaluation; o concerns with the term “mainstreaming”; o avoiding prescriptive language on adaptation communications; and, o gender-sensitive and human rights-based approaches; o adaptation finance emerged as a cross-cutting issue. Adaptation • Issues being discussed in the last session of the ADP included, inter alia : o A global goal/long-term vision, including “enhancing adaptive capacity”, o Links between the level of mitigation and adaptation, o The resilience of people and livelihoods to abrupt climate change o Adequacy of support: text on adaptation support to be considered in other articles; o Human rights and gender responsiveness of adaptation; Loss and Damage • The negotiations on loss and damage evidences one of the major fault lines in this process. • COP 19 (Warsaw) established the Warsaw International Mechanism for Loss and Damage associated with Climate Change Impacts (WIM), subject to review by COP 22, including on “its structure, mandate and effectiveness,” to address loss and damage associated with extreme weather and slow onset events in developing countries that are particularly vulnerable to the adverse effects of climate change. • The future of loss and damage in the 2015 Agreement is considered under the ADP. Loss and Damage • According to AOSIS, LDCs, and LMDCs, the 2015 Agreement is to contain a separate section on loss and damage in the agreement text. • In addition, LDCs call for the 2015 Agreement to provide for corresponding costs, including investment needs for risk assessment, risk management, insurance and compensation, including the associated overall costs and impacts of the residual damages occurring in the form of loss and damage. • Institutional arrangements, including a climate change displacement coordination facility to deal with relocation and population displacement, and a technical panel; • A compensation scheme for countries affected by slow onset events. Loss and Damage • Loss and damage is addressed in Article 5 of the draft agreement text. However, in the loss and damage agreement text, both options were separately bracketed in their entirety by Parties. • Option 2 indicates that “No reference to loss and damage (no Article 5).” • It remains to be seen whether this is only a negotiation ruse or a group of Parties is not willing to risk the implications of establishing the entire loss and damage mechanism. REDD-plus • REDD-plus includes activities pursuant to reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation in developing countries, and the role of conservation, sustainable management of forests, and enhancement of forest carbon stocks (REDD+). • The Warsaw Framework for REDD-plus, comprises seven decisions on REDD-plus finance, institutional arrangements and methodological issues. REDD-plus • The main questions on the incorporation of REDD+ into the 2015 agreement concern whether: o REDD+ actions will be accounted for the accomplishment of mitigation actions; and, o whether countries willing to do so would be able to use markets to finance REDD+. • Predictability and availability of financing is a relevant issue that will largely depend on how REDD+ is included in the 2015 agreement. REDD-plus • During its last session in June, SBSTA has agreed on forwarding three draft decisions on REDD+ for consideration by the COP to adopt in Paris. • These decisions address: o further consideration of guidance for safeguards; o non-market mechanisms; and, o non-carbon benefits. Means of Implementation • Securing real rights of access to enhanced finance, technology transfer and capacity development opportunities for developing countries is the only way of implementing the Common but Differentiated Responsibilities. • Means of implementation are essential to allow developing countries that are currently building much of their infrastructure to avoid being locked into a high‐carbon development and increasingly vulnerable pathway. Means of Implementation • MOI as a framework that facilitates developing countries to implement and reinforce their INDCs and their overall adaptation efforts through access to: o climate finance, to be able to de‐risk future investment and facilitate access to capital; o knowledge networks to share experiences, including about institutional upgradation and technological innovation; and o high‐level academic education, international scientific programs and R&D cooperation. Climate Finance • Climate finance is a pivotal element of the Agreement, both a means and an incentive to participate. • Thus, a critical component of success. • Economic and solidarity dimensions should be considered and addressed effectively. Climate Finance • Issues: o How financial commitments are expressed and MRVed? o Will there be an upgrade of contributions by large emerging economies? o How to ensure scaled up climate finance in line with enhanced ambition in mitgation and adaptation? Climate Finance • There is a need for an upgrading of the Green Climate Fund and expanding international public climate finance, despite pressures on public budgets. • Despite the operationalization of the GCF being a relevant step, outstanding issues on long-term finance remain, which include the amount of climate finance, who is providing the financial support and public versus private sources of financing Climate Finance • Innovative financial instruments and enhanced coordination -within the international financial system- focused on mobilizing and making available financial streams at a scale commensurate with developing countries requirements, should be put in place. Climate Finance • There are a number of conditions that allow to expand climate finance, beyond the current limited pledges, to address the finance gap: o Huge liquidity at the global level o Massive investment capacity by institutional investors. o Monetary policies to be deployed, including the experience gained in quantitative easing during the last financial crisis. Technology Transfer • Most discussions on this issue this year related to the linkage between finance and technology transfer and how to integrate the created mechanisms for this purpose, including the Technology Executive Committee (TEC) and the Climate Technology Centre and Network (CTCN) vis-à-vis the new agreement. • Most long-lasting issues on which Parties have different views pertain to institutional arrangements and IPRs Capacity Building • Key issues under discussion continue to be whether a new capacity-building mechanism should be created, a view that is supported by developing countries. • Developed countries oppose, suggesting the Durban Forum on Capacity-building could be enhanced. • A few Parties stressed that regardless of whether the institution is new or old, its ability to meet the capacity-building needs of developing countries will be defined by its work programme. Work stream 2 • This workstream has received less attention than workstream 1. • This is an issue of discussion where developing countries deem a decision on this workstream as a key element of the ‘Paris package’. • To enhance ambition, in the past years, developing countries have emphasized the need to not only talk about mitigation ambition but also to enhance means of implementation, including capacity building, finance and technology transfer. Work stream 2 • Technical Expert Meetings (TEM): Decision 1/CP.19 agreed to intensify the technical examination of opportunities for actions with high mitigation potential through TEMs. The technical examination process consists of regular in-session thematic TEMs and follow up work conducted by parties, international organizations and partnerships. • The Technical Examination Process (TEP): the COP in Lima decided to continue the technical examination of opportunities with high mitigation potential in the period 2015-2020, including those with adaptation health and sustainable development co-benefits and requested the ADP to make recommendations on further advancing the examination process including the periodic assessment of the TEMs, to COP 21 Work stream 2 • Despite its adoption in 2012, the Doha Amendment to the Kyoto Protocol, whose second commitment period is expected to end in 2020, has not yet entered into force. • The entry into force requires 144 ratifications but, as of 2 September 2015, 43 countries have ratified. • The Lima-Paris Action Agenda (LPAA) is aimed at strengthening climate action throughout 2015, in Paris in December in areas such as mobilizing robust global action towards low carbon and resilient societies; providing enhanced support to existing initiatives; mobilizing new partners and providing a platform for the visibility of their actions, commitments and results in the run up to COP21. • Thank you • Contact: Dr. Pendo MARO, ACP Secretariat [email protected] or +32 495 281 494 www.gcca.eu/intra-acp