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Today (Tues 3/3) • Chapter 2 Homework Due • Newspaper Articles: Jeremy Hendrickson and Matt Wood • Molecular Shape Activity • Start Chapter 3 notes • Laboratory: Greenhouse Gases Lab Review: How to draw Lewis structures 1. Determine the sum of valence electrons. CH4 CCl4 C: 4 Valence electrons H: 1 Valence electron *4 atoms Total: 8 electrons C: 4 Valence electrons Cl: 7 Valence electron *4 atoms Total: 32 electrons 2. Use a pair of electrons to form a bond between each pair of bonded atoms. Cl Used 8 in each Cl Cl Cl 3. Arrange the remaining electrons to satisfy octet rule. Used 8 .. Cl.... ... .... Cl Cl ... .. ..Cl .. .. Used 32 Molecular Shape Activity Fig. 3.11 – Carbon Dioxide Lewis structures show connectivity. Space-filling Chargedensity Fig. 3.8 - Methane This Lewis structure is drawn in 3-D. Figure 3.9: Ammonia Fig. 3.10 - Water Nitrate Ion, NO3O O O O N N N O O O O O Fig. 3.12 - Ozone Summary of Molecular Shape Activity: Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion Theory • Assumes that the most stable molecular shape has the electron pairs surrounding a central atom as far away from one another as possible. • Molecules can be classified into shape categories. • If there are lone pairs on the central atom, the bond angles will be smaller than predicted. Chapter 3: The Chemistry of Global Warming Chapter 3 Learning Objectives • The greenhouse effect • Molecular structure and shape – Why are some molecules greenhouse gases (absorb IR radiation) – Molecular vibrations • Moles • Enhanced Greenhouse Effect andGlobal Climate Change • Global Climate Change Models • Global Climate Change Policy The Earth’s Energy Balance Greenhouse effect Our atmospheric gases trap and return a major portion of the heat radiating from the Earth. It is a natural, necessary process. Figures Alive What makes a gas a greenhouse gas? • IR absorption is related to molecular structure • Dipole moment – separation of charge – Electron density is not uniform in the molecule resulting in partial electrical charges Which of the following molecules have a dipole moment? H2O, CO2, O3, and CH4 O O H O C O H C H H To absorb IR radiation… • Energy of IR radiation must match the vibration energy of the molecule • For us to see absorbtion of IR radiation on a spectrometer the dipole moment (charge distribution) must change • IR Tutor – Units on IR spectra are wavenumbers, cm-1 – Wavenumber = 1/wavelength (in cm) Fig. 3.14 – IR spectra of CO2 Fig. 3.15 – IR spectra of H2O Stretching Bending Why aren’t O2 and N2 greenhouse gases? Why doesn’t the IR radiation coming from the sun also cause a greenhouse effect? Today (Thurs 3/5) • Newspaper Articles: Eric Noun and Steve Andres • Chapter 3 notes: ‘review and new’ • Focus Group project – Evaluation of Example Papers Chapter 3 Learning Objectives The greenhouse effect Molecular structure and shape Why are some molecules greenhouse gases (absorb IR radiation) Molecular vibrations Moles Enhanced Greenhouse Effect andGlobal Climate Change Global Climate Change Models Global Climate Change Policy The Earth’s Energy Balance Greenhouse effect Our atmospheric gases trap and return a major portion of the heat radiating from the Earth. It is a natural, necessary process. Figures Alive What makes a gas a greenhouse gas? IR absorption is related to molecular structure Dipole moment – separation of charge Electron density is not uniform in the molecule resulting in partial electrical charges Which of the following molecules have a dipole moment? H2O, CO2, O3, and CH4 O O dipole moment dipole moment H O C O no dipole moment H C H H no dipole moment To absorb IR radiation… Energy of IR radiation must match the vibration energy of the molecule For us to see absorbtion of IR radiation on a spectrometer the dipole moment (charge distribution) must change Units on IR spectra are wavenumbers, cm-1 Wavenumber = 1/wavelength (in cm) Fig. 3.14 – IR spectra of CO2 Fig. 3.15 – IR spectra of H2O Stretching Bending The Greenhouse Effect Established Proven Fact Not controversial Temperature of the earth would be ~60 F cooler without the Greenhouse Effect Global Warming is the theory that the greenhouse effect has been enhanced by carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases Amplification of Greenhouse Effect: Global Warming: What we know 1. CO2 contributes to an elevated global temperature. 2. The concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere has been increasing over the past century. 3. The increase of atmospheric CO2 is a consequence of human activity. 4. Average global temperature has increased over the past century. 3.2 What might be true: 1. CO2 and other gases generated by human activity are responsible for the temperature increase. 2. The average global temperature will continue to rise as emissions of anthropogenic greenhouse gases increase. 3.8 Loss of Polar Ice Cap 1979 2003 NASA Study: The Arctic warming study, appearing in the November 1 2003 issue of the American Meteorological Society's Journal of Climate, showed that compared to the 1980s, most of the Arctic warmed significantly over the last decade, with the biggest temperature increases occurring over North America. Perennial, or yearround, sea ice in the Arctic is declining at a rate of nine percent per decade. 3.9 Loss of Polar Ice Cap 1979 As the oceans warm and ice thins, more solar energy is absorbed by the water, creating positive feedbacks that lead to further melting. 2003 Such dynamics can change the temperature of ocean layers, impact ocean circulation and salinity, change marine habitats, and widen shipping lanes. 3.9 The snows of Kilimanjaro 82% of ice field has been lost since 1912 3.9 Main greenhouse gases Water vapor Carbon dioxide*** Methane Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) Tropospheric ozone Nitrous Oxide N2O Fig. 3.17 Carbon Cycle Fig. 3.4 CO2 and Temperature McMurdo Station, Antartica Ice Core Ice Layers Drilling Tent Fig. 3.5 CO2 concentrations by ice core and IR data Cool Links IR spectra of CO2 and other GHGs http://chemistry.beloit.edu/Warming/pages/infrared.html NOAA: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Measuring CO2 http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/ccgg/about/co2_measurements.html Ice Core Data http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/icecore.html Oceans Warming http://www.noaanews.noaa.gov/stories/s399.htm National Glaciology Group, Canada http://cgc.rncan.gc.ca/glaciology/national/drill_e.php CO2 trends •CO2 increasing ~2.1 ppm/yr (for 2001-2005) •1963 increase = 0.76 ppm •1998 increase = 2.87 ppm (biggest leap) •2002 increase = 2.1 ppm •2007 increase = 2.4 ppm http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/publications/annmeet2006/pdf_2006/talks%202006%202.pdf Today (Tues 3/10) • Newspaper Presentations: Brock Hill and Andrew Griesman • GHGs and IR Spectra (Lab Prep) • Library Time (~3-4:20) For Next Time (Thurs 3/12) • Print new slides (I added some to the end) • Read Chapter 3 • Work on Homework 3 Why is CO2 increasing? Burning fossil fuels converts the carbon in the fuels to carbon dioxide (CO2) Fossil fuels = coal, gasoline, natural gas Actually CO2 levels have not increased in the atmosphere as much as predicted Also been contended that CO2 levels have increased due to temperature increasing Scientific understanding is key – models developed CO2 IR Spectra Tab. 3.2 Methane Sources: ~40 % Natural Sources Natural Gas escaping from rocks Decaying plant material in wetlands Agriculture Rice Paddies (Anaerobic Bacteria) Cattle (~500 L of CH4 per day!) Landfills Termites Release from oceans, bogs, permafrost IR Spectra of Methane CO2 Contamination Laughing Gas, N2O Sources Bacterial removal of nitrate ion (NO3-) from soils Ocean upwelling Statrospheric reactions NH3 fertilizers Catalytic converters IR spectra of Water vapor CO2 Contamination IR Spectra of some GHGs Tab. 3.3 The bigger the number, the greater the effect. Today (Thurs 3/12) • • • • • Newspaper Articles: Tom Jaede Can we have global cooling? Global Climate Change Models Global Climate Change Policy Group Activity For Next Time (Tues 3/17) • Finish reading Chapter 3 • Homework #3 Due • Start studying for the exam (on 3/19) – bring questions to class! Aerosols and Particulates Aerosol = small atmospheric particle; can be a solid particle, liquid suspension, or combination Subject to Brownian motion…don’t settle for a long time. ( unlike bigger particles which settle out quickly). Coal combustion sulfates Sulfates seed condensation clouds Aerosol particles and clouds reflect incoming radiation - this is a cooling effect However, some aerosols are black and absorb radiation Volcanoes Mt Pinatubo in Phillipines erupted in 1991 20 million tons of sulfur dioxide and particulates into the stratosphere Particulates reflected sunlight in the stratosphere before the radiation got to the troposphere. Cooled the planet for 2 years. Aerosols In conclusion they act to cool the globe. We produce a lot of them Earlier models predicted warmer climates than we are seeing Aerosols are off-setting some effects of the increase in greenhouse gases. Modeling Global Warming… Climate “Forcing” A relatively simple way to look at climate change “Climate Forcing” – an imposed perturbation on the earth’s energy balance Positive forcing – adds energy – creates warming Negative forcing – reduces energy – leads to cooling Climate models predict: Forcing of ± 1 W/m2 = ± 3/4oC (equilibrium) This relation consistent with last Ice Age James Hansen (NASA) http://naturalscience.com/ns/articles/0116/ns_jeh.html Climate forcing agents in the industrial era (1850–2000) (W/m2). Pinatubo El Chichon Fig. 3.22 Worldwide Emissions and Policies Fig. 3.23 Good Source for Additional Data: http://cdiac.ornl.gov/trends/emis/meth_reg.html Fig. 3.27 Page. 147.2 Policy History 1988 IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) established by World Meteorological Organization (WMO) and the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) 1992 Earth Summit 1997 Kyoto Conference 2007 IPCC states in a report that scientific evidence for global warming was unequivocal and that human activity is the main cause. What IPCC Does… Run from offices in Geneva, but open to any of the nearly 200 member states belonging to the UN or WMO Functions through its working groups focusing on the science, impact and mitigation of climate change, and developing greenhouse gas inventories. The findings of the IPCC are presented as 'Assessment reports', synthesizing the views of the working groups, which are produced approximately every 5 years. The fourth and next report is due at the end of 2007. Nobel Peace Prize 2007 http://www.ipcc.ch/ipccreports/tp-climatechange-water.htm Nobel Peace Prize Laureates Al Gore (left) and R. K. Pachauri, Chairman of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) with their Nobel Peace Prize Medals and Diplomas at the Award Ceremony in Oslo, Norway, 10 December 2007. R. K. Pachauri will be at Gustavus for Nobel 2009! The Kyoto Protocol 160 nations met in Kyoto Japan in 1997 to negotiate the Protocol The protocol states that developed nations will limit GHG emissions at 5% below 1990 levels (US 7%) CO2, CH4, NO, HFC’s, PFC’s, and SF6 Short-term goals; no long-term fixes (major criticisms) Emissions could be traded Credits for creating carbon sinks? -removed U.S. signed the Protocol but would not ratify it Kyoto went into effect Feb 16, 2005 w/o the US participating Who has ratified - who hasn’t Protocol went into effect when 55 parties representing 55% of heat-trapping emissions have ratified All 15 nations in the European Union have ratified, Canada and Japan Russia ratified in November 2004, Protocol went into effect in February 2005 US is responsible for ~25% of carbon emissions Developed nations emit about 62% of carbon emissions What would U.S. have to do to meet emission requirements We could easily reduce emissions by 7% by simply conserving, raising fuel mileage stds, increasing investment in renewable energy US already 13% above 1990 emissions link ~20% reduction would be required Any policy to reduce emissions will have significant implications for energy industry and the whole U.S. economy. We need more energy Commitment period would be between 2008-2012 back National Policy: What has the Bush Administration Done? During 2000 campaign President Bush promised mandatory reduction targets for CO2 emissions The Kyoto Protocol is fatally flawed – India and China are not required to do anything– the Protocol would hurt the economy Most future GHG emissions will come from developing nations and they aren’t required to do anything! - besides we need to meet future energy needs and our economy has become more energy efficient Kyoto doesn’t solve the problem anyways How much will the Kyoto Protocol reduce emissions? Business-as-usual Kyoto Protocol scenario Billion tons of carbon 8 6 8.0 7.6 6.4 5.8 4 2 0 1990 1995 2000 2005 Data Sources: United States Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, International Energy Outlook, 1998 and 1999. 2010 WORLD RESOURCES INSTITUTE Bush Global Climate Change Initiative GHG intensity cut by 18% over next 10 yrs link GHG emissions GHG intensity = GDP GHG emissions allowed to increase by 31% over this time (assumes GDP increase is 3.3%/yr); GHG intensity decreased 17% in the 90s “This goal is comparable to the avg progress that nations…in Kyoto Protocol are required to achieve” Yes, because Kyoto requires nothing of developing nations “as the science justifies” The data are very clear – the earth has warmed and considering only extreme weather events, the cost to the US was over $40 billion dollars in 2004 US GHG Intensity GHG Intensity 1.0 9500 9000 0.9 GHG Intensity 8500 8000 0.8 7500 0.7 7000 6500 0.6 GHG intensity GHG emissions (Tg) CO2 eq GDP 1995 $billion 0.5 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 6000 5500 2010 Latest Data from EPA… http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/emissions/downloads09/07Trends.pdf Impacts of Global Warming Drought and wildfire due to increased evaporation Sea level rise (10-25 cm increase to date; 48-95 cm by 2100) – inundation of lowlying areas More intense rainstorms and more hurricanes Ecological Impacts Migration, breeding, population, species composition, lakes/fish, forests, coral reefs What would we have to do to curtail warming? Burn less fossil fuels Increase the cost (carbon tax – tax on gas, coal, and natural gas burning) More efficient vehicles, houses, appliances, etc. Use non-carbon based or renewable fuels Wind energy, solar energy Hydrogen fuel cells Ethanol, biodiesel Remove CO2 from emissions / atmosphere Group Activity To stabilize the current climate, scientists estimate an 80% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions is necessary Within in your group choose one of the three scenarios Immediate, significant greenhouse gas emission reductions Gradual reductions of greenhouse gas emissions Next, give suggestions for how you would make your scenario a reality Why do you think this approach is best? What are the pros and cons of your approach? Are you free to realize the environmental future that you envision? Today (Tues 3/17) • Newspaper Articles: Peter Dierauer, Wai Yang • Discussion: Obama Administration • Finish Chapter 3 notes • In-class worksheet on Chapter 3 • Lab time: Optional Exam Review For Next Time (Thurs 3/19) First Exam!! Tab. 3.6 The Mole The mole Avogadro’s number – 6.02 x 1023 of anything per mole (anything = atoms, molecules, etc.) Molar mass or molecular weight is usually expressed as grams per mole What are the molar masses or molecular weight of C and CO2? Carbon in CO2-mass ratios and mass % Keep these relationships in mind: grams use molar mass moles use Avogadro’s number molecules Remember – the critical link between moles and grams of a substance is the molar mass IT’S SIMPLE – THINK IN TERMS OF PARTICLES! 3.7 Quantitative Problems Cover problems on chalkboard… 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. What is the molar mass of ammonia, NH3? What is the mass ratio and mass % of nitrogen in ammonia? For each mole of CH4 combusted, how many moles of CO2 and H2O are formed? How many CO2 molecules are formed when one mole of CH4 is combusted? There are 2.4 kg of C in a gallon of gasoline, how much CO2 is emitted from your tailpipe when you burn 1 gallon of gasoline? My car gets 20 miles/gallon. If I drive 10,000 miles a year, how much C (in kg) is emitted each year? My car weighs 2000 kg! Quantitative Problems Answers to problems on chalkboard… 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 17.034 g/mol 0.822 g N per g NH3 or 82.2% N in NH3 For 1 mole of CH4 combusted, 1 mole of CO2 and 2 moles of H2O are formed 6.02 × 1023 molecules of CO2 ~8.8 kg CO2 1200 kg C My car weighs 2000 kg!