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Global CC Challenge: National Initiatives for Building S&T Capacities Akhilesh Gupta Adviser & Head Climate Change Programme Department of Science & Technology Ministry of Science & Technology Government of India Email: [email protected] Global Climate Change: Key Messages from AR5 (IPCC 2013, Fig. SPM.1a) Observed Climate Trends in India All-India Temperature Time Series Source: India Meteorological Department, National Climate Centre, Pune 2004 2001 1998 1995 1992 1965 1989 1986 1983 1980 1977 1974 1971 1968 1965 1962 1920 1959 1956 1953 1950 1947 1944 1941 1938 1935 1932 1929 1926 1899 1923 1920 1917 1914 1911 1908 1905 1902 1899 1896 -20 1893 1890 1887 1884 1881 1878 1875 RAINFALL ( % DEPARTURE ) INTER-ANNUAL MONSOON RAINFALL VARIABILITY 40 All India SW Monsoon Rainfall (JUNE-SEPTEMBER) 30 20 10 0 -10 1987 -30 -40 Spatial patterns in Monsoon Rainfall Trends during past 100 years Inferences: Mixed Trend- somewhere increasing and somewhere decreasing Chattisgarh and Jharkhand showing marked decreasing trends Changes in the Frequency of Extreme Rainfall Low & Moderate events Heavy events (>10cm) V. Heavy events (>15cm) Goswami et al., Science, Dec., 2006 Number of Flash Flood Events in India (1980-2006) Increasing Trend in Flash Flood Events during past 25 years Total Number of Flood Events in India (1980-2006) Decreasing Trend in Total Flood Events during past 25 years Decreasing Frequency of Total Number of Cyclonic Storms over India during 1891-2006 12 y = -0.0183x + 6.3291 R2 = 0.1031 10 6 4 2 YE A R S 2006 2001 1996 1991 1986 1981 1976 1971 1966 1961 1956 1951 1946 1941 1936 1931 1926 1921 1916 1911 1906 1901 1896 0 1891 FREQUENCY 8 Decreasing Frequency of Total Number of Cyclonic Disturbances over India during past 120 years (1891-2009) Increasing Frequency of Total Number of Low Pressure Areas over India during past 123 years (1888-2009) Trend in Sea Level Rise in India To meet global challenge of climate change, India needs to build strong S&T capacities - both human and institutional Status of S&T Capacity in Climate Science in India Strengths: 3000 Scientists 400 scientists with International recognition 450 Institutions teaching/doing Research 100 years of systematic Climate Data Weaknesses: Fragmented Research efforts Weak linkage between Science and Policy Limited linkage with the Society Absence of partnership with private sector Eight National Missions on Climate Change National Solar Mission National Mission for Enhanced Energy Efficiency National Mission on Sustainable Habitat National Water Mission National Mission for Sustaining the Himalayan Eco-system National Mission for a Green India National Mission for Sustainable Agriculture National Mission on Strategic Knowledge for Climate Change Eight National Missions on Climate Change Of the total of eight missions under NAPCC, two were assigned to the Ministry of Science and Technology. They are - National Mission on Strategic Knowledge for Climate Change National Mission for Sustaining the Himalayan Eco-system Both call for such mission mode actions that build, strengthen and sustain national S&T capacities to sustain an ecosystem and self-learn for developing strategic knowledge. National Mission on Strategic Knowledge for Climate Change Broad Objective of setting up of Strategic Knowledge System Addressing climate science with region specific modeling; Developing new scientific knowledge in CC Adaptation and Mitigation; Institutional capacity building in Knowledge gap areas. Human capacity building - focus on Young Scientists Selection, prioritization and development of new technologies for adaptation and mitigation; Leveraging international cooperation NMSKCC - Basic Approach Build a Knowledge platform and infrastructure A Super highway for Information and data sharing and exchange for climate change agenda setting Build excellence through collaborative synergies and activities Make viable investment into all existing knowledge capacities of partners and build new capacities for filling gaps Major Deliverables of NMSKCC Preparatory Work Mapping national capacities through visible outputs in open literature Scientific data bases were employed to map and locate resource persons Soliciting enrolment into the National Mission and specific work programmes Adoption of inclusive models and bottom-up engagement approaches Designing new mechanisms and models for peer evaluation and assessment Co-development of project and programme themes as a new model Definition of the National Priorities and interconnecting national competencies and research resources Knowledge Networking as a central theme to connect disparate activities NMSKCC: Need for a Data Sharing and Access System A credible data sharing mechanism needed for building strategic knowledge on climate change Strategic knowledge system must be able to access and integrate data, information and assessments originating from a large number of inter-connected sources Considerable knowledge resources available with various Government agencies and R&D institutions – not presently made available for sharing even within Government DST initiated a National Data Sharing & Access Policy (NDSAP)- now approved by Government, will greatly help bridging this gap SN National Data bases Data Sources/Agency 1 Ocean (SST, salinity, Sea level rise) MoES 2 Cryosphere (Snow Cover, Glacial data) NRSA, GSI, DRDO, DST 3 Meteorology (Precipitation, Humidity, temperature, Evaporation) IMD/ MoES 4 Land Surface (Topography, Erosion, vegetation) SOI, NRSA 5 Hydrological (Ground/river water, Water quality) CWC, State Departments 6 Agriculture (Soil profile, Area under cultivation, Production and Yield) Ministry of Agriculture 7 Socio-Economic (Demography, Economic status) Census of India 8 Forests Forest resources, Plant and animal, Species distribution FSI, ZSI, BSI, ISRO 9 Health related Ministry of Health Possible Servicing roles of NMSKCC to NAPCC Enhanced Energy Water Mission Sustainable Agriculture Green India Himalayan Sustainable Ecosystem Habitat NMSKCC Objectives R&D inputs Technology Convergent Adaptation Mitigation Glaciology Mitigation solutions inputs knowledge Knowledge capacity knowledge NMSKCC Services NMSKCC Services Solar Mission Human and Institutional Capacities in the Thrust areas of Climate Change Research Support under following broad categories of programmes which must be built around an existing lead institution/ organization/ agency working in the countrya. Creation of NEW CENTRES OF EXCELLENCE on Climate Change (in network or full-fledged mode) b. STRENGTHENING OF EXISTING INSTITUTIONS through major R&D projects in specific area of climate change c. Major HUMAN CAPACITY BUILDING PROGRAMME in climate change Major R&D Projects Launched 1 NIO (Sea Level Rise) 7 BSIP (Quaternary CC for 2 NBRI (Forest Ecosystem) 8 IRMA, Anand (Sustainable 3 DU (CC Adaptation and 9 TNAU, Coimbatore (CC Adaptation in Agri.) 4 IARI (CC and Agriculture) 10 IIT Delhi (Storm Surges and Sea level Rise) 5 NIO (Ocean acidification) 11 IRADE (Adaptation in Himachal Pradesh) 6 IIT, Delhi (Regional 12 University of Allahabad (Extreme Rainfall Studies) Resource Management) Climate Modeling) Glaciers) Livelihoods) Centres of Excellence Launched 1 IIT, Bombay 2 ICRISAT, Hyderabad A Centre of Excellence on Climate Change (Climate Change Studies Centre) Centre of Excellence on CC Research for Plant Protection Existing Centres of Excellence Supported 1 IIT, Chennai Indo-German Centre for Sustainability 2 IISc, Bangalore Divecha Centre for Climate Change National CC Networks Launched National Network on Climate Change Impact on Human Health National Network on Climate Modelling Upcoming National Networks Climate Change and Coastal Vulnerability Weather and Climate Extremes CC Impact on Agriculture Global Technology Watch Groups To keep pace with the state-of-the-art technologies emerging globally in the key sectors of economy, the NMSKCC proposes to set up Global Technology Watch Groups (GTWGs) to help accomplish the task of technology Selection, Prioritization and Ranking in some key Strategic areas 2 GTWGs have been set up- one each on Clean Coal Technology and Solar and other Renewable Energy Global Technology Watch Groups Areas selected include those related to other 7 national missions Solar including other renewable energy Enhanced energy efficiency Sustainable habitat Water Sustenance of Himalayan ecosystem Green India Sustainable Agriculture Clean coal Manufacturing PPPs for Adaptation and Mitigation related Technologies PPP planned in 5 key sectorsEnergy, Agriculture, Water, Environment and Health Focus of the PPP would be – Joint scoping studies – Joint research in thematic areas – Setting priorities and emission reduction systems Proposed New Programmes Professor Chairs – 50 in relevant areas of CC Institutional Capacity Building science, adaptation and Mitigation – New Institutions/Centres of Excellence/ Strengthening of Existing ones Human Capacity Building – Young Scientist programmes – Fellowship Programme- post-doctoral/doctoral – Training Programmes- Climate Schools State CC Centres in all States – Vulnerability & Risk assessment, Capacity Building, Public Awareness Support to Civil Society Organizations International Cooperation – Bi-lateral: Switzerland, UK, USA, Norway, Australia – Multi-lateral: SAARC, BIMSTEC, ASEAN, etc …finally National Efforts are being made to create a strong Strategic Knowledge base by strengthening and building S&T Capacity in the country. Special focus is given to the key Gap Areas in Research and Innovation in CC Partnership with key Public and Private Players Regional and International Cooperation is being developed in the key areas of Research in Climate Change Thank You