Download Figure 4-24, step 1

POWERPOINT® LECTURE SLIDE PRESENTATION
by LYNN CIALDELLA, MA, MBA, The University of Texas at Austin
UNIT 1
4
Energy and
Cellular Metabolism
HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY
AN INTEGRATED APPROACH
DEE UNGLAUB SILVERTHORN
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
FOURTH EDITION
About this Chapter
 Energy in biological systems
 Chemical reactions
 Enzymes
 Metabolism
 ATP production
 Synthetic pathways
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Energy: Biological Systems
Energy transfer in the environment
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Figure 4-1
Energy: Capacity to Do Work
 Chemical work
 Making and breaking of chemical bonds
 Transport work
 Moving ions, molecules, and larger particles
 Creates concentration gradients
 Mechanical work
 Used for movement
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Energy: Two Forms
The relationship between kinetic energy and
potential energy
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Figure 4-2a
Energy: Two Forms
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Figure 4-2b
Energy: Two Forms
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Figure 4-2c
Energy: Thermodynamics
 First law of thermodynamics
 Total amount of energy in the universe is constant
 Second law of thermodynamics
 Processes move from state of order to disorder
or entropy
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Chemical Reactions: Overview
Activation energy is the
energy that must be put
into reactants before a
reaction can proceed
A+BC+D
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Figure 4-3
Chemical Reactions: Coupling
Energy transfer and storage in biological reactions
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Figure 4-5
Enzymes: Overview
 Speed up the rate of reactions
 Isozymes
 Catalyze same reaction but under different conditions
 May be activated, inactivated, or modulated
 Coenzymes  vitamins
 Chemical modulators  temperature and pH
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Enzymes: Speed Up Reactions
Enzymes lower the activation energy of reactions
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Figure 4-8
Enzymes: Law of Mass Action
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Figure 4-9a
Enzymes: Law of Mass Action
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Figure 4-9b
Enzymes: Types of Reactions
Types
1. Oxidation-reduction
2. Hydrolysis-dehydration
3. Addition-subtractionexchange
4. Ligation
Description
+/- electrons or H+
+/- water
+/- or exchange
groups
Joins using ATP
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Metabolism: Overview
A group of metabolic pathways resembles a road map
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Figure 4-10
Metabolism: Cell Regulation
 Controlling enzyme concentrations
 Producing modulators
 Feedback inhibition
 Using different enzymes
 Isolating enzymes
 Maintaining ratio of ATP to ADP
 ADP + Pi + energy  ATP
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ATP Production: Overview
Overview
of aerobic
pathways
for ATP
production
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Figure 4-13
ATP Production: Glycolysis
Glucose
+ 2 NAD+
+ 2 ADP
+ P  2 Pyruvate +
2 ATP
+ 2 NADH
+ 2 H+
+ 2 H20
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Figure 4-14
ATP Production: Pyruvate Metabolism
Pyruvate can be converted into lactate or acetyl CoA
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Figure 4-15
ATP Production: Citric Acid Cycle
 Acetyl CoA
enters the
citric acid
cycle
producing
3 NADH,
1 FADH2,
and 1 ATP
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Figure 4-16
ATP Production: Electron Transport
Mitochondrial
matrix
CITRIC
ACID
CYCLE
2 H2O
e–
O2 +
Inner
mitochondrial
membrane
Matrix pool of H+
3
1
ATP
4e–
High-energy electrons
2
H+
H+
ADP
+ Pi
4
H+
H+
H+
H+
Intermembrane
space
H+
High-energy
electrons
Electron
transport
system
Outer
mitochondrial
membrane
High-energy electrons
from glycolysis
1 Energy released
during metabolism
is captured by highenergy electrons
carried by NADH
and FADH2.
2 Energy from high-energy
electrons moving along
the protein complexes
of the electron transport
system pumps H+ from
the matrix into the
intermembrane space.
Cytosol
3 Electrons at the end of the
electron transport system
are back to their normal
energy state. They combine
with H+ and oxygen to
form water.
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4 Potential energy captured in
the H+ concentration gradient
is converted to kinetic energy
when H+ pass through the ATP
synthase. Some of the kinetic
energy is captured as ATP.
Figure 4-17
ATP Production: Electron Transport
CITRIC
ACID
CYCLE
Mitochondrial
matrix
Inner
mitochondrial
membrane
e–
1
High-energy electrons
Intermembrane
space
High-energy
electrons
Electron
transport
system
Outer
mitochondrial
membrane
High-energy electrons
from glycolysis
Cytosol
1 Energy released
during metabolism
is captured by highenergy electrons
carried by NADH
and FADH2.
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Figure 4-17, step 1
ATP Production: Electron Transport
Mitochondrial
matrix
CITRIC
ACID
CYCLE
Inner
mitochondrial
membrane
e–
1
e–
High-energy electrons
2
H+
H+
H+
Intermembrane
space
H+
H+
H+
High-energy
electrons
Electron
transport
system
Outer
mitochondrial
membrane
High-energy electrons
from glycolysis
Cytosol
1 Energy released
2 Energy from high-energy
during metabolism
electrons moving along
is captured by highthe protein complexes
energy electrons
of the electron transport
carried by NADH
system pumps H+ from
and FADH2.
the matrix into the
intermembrane space.
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 4-17, steps 1–2
ATP Production: Electron Transport
Mitochondrial
matrix
CITRIC
ACID
CYCLE
2 H2O
e–
Inner
mitochondrial
membrane
O2 + Matrix pool of H+
3
1
4e–
High-energy electrons
2
H+
H+
H+
Intermembrane
space
H+
H+
H+
High-energy
electrons
Electron
transport
system
Outer
mitochondrial
membrane
High-energy electrons
from glycolysis
1 Energy released
2 Energy from high-energy
during metabolism
electrons moving along
is captured by highthe protein complexes
energy electrons
of the electron transport
carried by NADH
system pumps H+ from
and FADH2.
the matrix into the
intermembrane space.
Cytosol
3 Electrons at the end of the
electron transport system
are back to their normal
energy state. They combine
with H+ and oxygen to
form water.
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 4-17, steps 1–3
ATP Production: Electron Transport
Mitochondrial
matrix
CITRIC
ACID
CYCLE
2 H2O
e–
Inner
mitochondrial
membrane
O2 + Matrix pool of H+
3
1
ATP
4e–
High-energy electrons
2
H+
H+
ADP
+ Pi
4
H+
H+
H+
H+
Intermembrane
space
H+
High-energy
electrons
Electron
transport
system
Outer
mitochondrial
membrane
High-energy electrons
from glycolysis
1 Energy released
2 Energy from high-energy
during metabolism
electrons moving along
is captured by highthe protein complexes
energy electrons
of the electron transport
carried by NADH
system pumps H+ from
and FADH2.
the matrix into the
intermembrane space.
Cytosol
3 Electrons at the end of the
4 Potential energy captured in
the H+ concentration gradient
electron transport system
is converted to kinetic energy
are back to their normal
when H+ pass through the ATP
energy state. They combine
+
synthase. Some of the kinetic
with H and oxygen to
energy is captured as ATP.
form water.
NADH and FADH2  ATP by oxidative phosphorylation
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Figure 4-17, steps 1–4
ATP Production: Large Biomolecules
 Glycogenolysis
 Glycogen
 Storage form of glucose in liver and skeletal
muscle
 Converted to glucose or glucose 6-phosphate
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ATP Production: Large Biomolecules
 Protein catabolism and deamination
 Catabolism
 Hydrolysis of peptide bonds
 Deamination
 Removal of amino group
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ATP Production: Lipolysis
If acetyl CoA
production
exceeds
capacity for
metabolism,
production
of ketone
bodies
results
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Figure 4-20
Synthesis: Gluconeogenesis
Glucose can be made
from glycerol or amino
acids in liver and
kidney
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Figure 4-21
Synthesis: Lipids
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Figure 4-22
Synthesis: Lipids
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Figure 4-22 (1 of 3)
Synthesis: Lipids
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Figure 4-22 (2 of 3)
Synthesis: Lipids
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Figure 4-22 (3 of 3)
Synthesis: Lipids
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Figure 4-22
Synthesis: Protein
The major steps
required to
convert the
genetic code
of DNA into
a functional
protein
20 different
amino acids
made from 4
nitrogenous
bases
Gene
1 GENE ACTIVATION
Regulatory proteins
Constitutively
active
Regulated
activity
Induction
Repression
2 TRANSCRIPTION
mRNA
3 mRNA PROCESSING
Alternative
splicing
Processed
mRNA
siRNA
Interference
mRNA “silenced”
• rRNA in ribosomes
• tRNA
• Amino acids
4 TRANSLATION
Nucleus
Cytoplasm
Protein chain
5 POST-TRANSLATIONAL Folding and Cleavage into Addition of groups: Assembly into
MODIFICATION
• sugars
cross-links smaller peptides
polymeric
• lipids
proteins
• —CH3
• phosphate
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Figure 4-24
Synthesis: Protein
Gene
1 GENE ACTIVATION
Constitutively
active
Regulatory proteins
Regulated
activity
Induction
Repression
Nucleus
Cytoplasm
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Figure 4-24, step 1
Synthesis: Protein
Gene
1 GENE ACTIVATION
Constitutively
active
Regulatory proteins
Regulated
activity
Induction
Repression
2 TRANSCRIPTION
mRNA
Nucleus
Cytoplasm
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Figure 4-24, steps 1–2
Synthesis: Protein
Gene
1 GENE ACTIVATION
Regulatory proteins
Constitutively
active
Regulated
activity
Induction
Repression
2 TRANSCRIPTION
mRNA
3 mRNA PROCESSING
Alternative
splicing
Processed
mRNA
siRNA
Interference
mRNA “silenced”
Nucleus
Cytoplasm
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Figure 4-24, steps 1–3
Synthesis: Protein
Gene
1 GENE ACTIVATION
Regulatory proteins
Constitutively
active
Regulated
activity
Induction
Repression
2 TRANSCRIPTION
mRNA
3 mRNA PROCESSING
Alternative
splicing
Processed
mRNA
siRNA
Interference
mRNA “silenced”
• rRNA in ribosomes
• tRNA
• Amino acids
4 TRANSLATION
Nucleus
Cytoplasm
Protein chain
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Figure 4-24, steps 1–4
Synthesis: Protein
Gene
1 GENE ACTIVATION
Regulatory proteins
Constitutively
active
Regulated
activity
Induction
Repression
2 TRANSCRIPTION
mRNA
3 mRNA PROCESSING
Alternative
splicing
Processed
mRNA
siRNA
Interference
mRNA “silenced”
• rRNA in ribosomes
• tRNA
• Amino acids
4 TRANSLATION
Nucleus
Cytoplasm
Protein chain
5 POST-TRANSLATIONAL Folding and Cleavage into Addition of groups: Assembly into
MODIFICATION
• sugars
cross-links smaller peptides
polymeric
• lipids
proteins
• —CH3
• phosphate
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Figure 4-24, steps 1–5
Protein: Transcription
 Transcription factors bind and activate promoter
region
 RNA polymerase binds and “unwinds” DNA
 mRNA created from sense strand
 mRNA is processed by
 RNA interference
 Alternative splicing
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Protein: Transcription and Translation
DNA
1 Transcription
2
RNA
polymerase
mRNA
processing
Nuclear
membrane
Amino acid
tRNA
4 Translation
Growing peptide
chain
Incoming tRNA
bound to an
amino acid
Lys
Asp
Outgoing
“empty” tRNA
3 Attachment of
ribosomal subunits
Phe Trp
Anticodon
mRNA
AA G A C C
G AU UU C UG G A A A
Ribosome
mRNA
5 Termination
Ribosomal
subunits
Completed
peptide
Each tRNA molecule attaches at one end
to a specific amino acid. The anticodon of
the tRNA molecule pairs with the appropriate
codon on the mRNA, allowing amino acids to be
linked in the order specified by the mRNA code.
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Figure 4-27
Protein: Transcription and Translation
DNA
1 Transcription
RNA
polymerase
Nuclear
membrane
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Figure 4-27, step 1
Protein: Transcription and Translation
DNA
1 Transcription
2
mRNA
processing
RNA
polymerase
Nuclear
membrane
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Figure 4-27, steps 1–2
Protein: Transcription and Translation
DNA
1 Transcription
2
mRNA
processing
RNA
polymerase
Nuclear
membrane
3 Attachment of
ribosomal subunits
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Figure 4-27, steps 1–3
Protein: Transcription and Translation
DNA
1 Transcription
2
mRNA
processing
RNA
polymerase
Nuclear
membrane
Amino acid
tRNA
4 Translation
Growing peptide
chain
Incoming tRNA
bound to an
amino acid
Lys
Asp
3 Attachment of
ribosomal subunits
Outgoing
“empty” tRNA
Phe Trp
Anticodon
mRNA
AA G A C C
G AU UU C UG G A A A
Ribosome
Each tRNA molecule attaches at one end
to a specific amino acid. The anticodon of
the tRNA molecule pairs with the appropriate
codon on the mRNA, allowing amino acids to be
linked in the order specified by the mRNA code.
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Figure 4-27, steps 1–4
Protein: Transcription and Translation
DNA
1 Transcription
2
RNA
polymerase
mRNA
processing
Nuclear
membrane
Amino acid
tRNA
4 Translation
Growing peptide
chain
Incoming tRNA
bound to an
amino acid
Lys
Asp
Outgoing
“empty” tRNA
3 Attachment of
ribosomal subunits
Phe Trp
Anticodon
mRNA
AA G A C C
G AU UU C UG G A A A
Ribosome
mRNA
5 Termination
Ribosomal
subunits
Completed
peptide
Each tRNA molecule attaches at one end
to a specific amino acid. The anticodon of
the tRNA molecule pairs with the appropriate
codon on the mRNA, allowing amino acids to be
linked in the order specified by the mRNA code.
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Figure 4-27, steps 1–5
Protein: Post-Translational Modification
 Protein folding
 Creates tertiary structure
 Cross-linkage
 Strong covalent bonds  disulfide
 Cleavage
 Addition of other molecules or groups
 Assembly into polymeric proteins
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Protein: Post-Translational Modification
and the Secretory Pathway
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Figure 4-28
Summary
 Energy
 Chemical
 Transport
 Mechanical work
 Kinetic energy
 Potential energy
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Summary
 Chemical reactions
 Reactants
 Products
 Reaction rate
 Free energy and activation energy
 Exergonic versus endergonic reactions
 Reversible versus irreversible reactions
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Summary
 Enzymes
 Definition
 Characteristics
 Law of mass action
 Type of reactions
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Summary
 Metabolism
 Catabolic versus anabolic reactions
 Control of metabolic pathways
 Aerobic versus anaerobic pathways
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Summary
 ATP production
 Glycolysis
 Pyruvate metabolism
 Citric acid cycle
 Electron transport chain
 Glycogen, protein, and lipid metabolism
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Summary
 Synthetic pathways
 Gluconeogenesis
 Lipid synthesis
 Protein synthesis
 Transcription
 Translation
 Post-translational modification
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