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Chapter 17 Biological Classification Objective: K3 - Define taxonomy, recognize the importance of a standardized taxonomic system to the scientific community, & use a dichotomous key to classify an organism Finding Order in Diversity • To study the diversity of life, biologists use a classification system to name organisms and group them in a logical manner. • Taxonomy - the branch of biology that groups and names organisms based on studies of their different characteristics • Biologists who study taxonomy are called taxonomists. • Classification systems change with expanding knowledge. Tacitus bellus Populus tremuloides Quaking Aspen Carolus Linnaeus • Swedish botanist • Developed Binomial Nomenclature - (Two-word naming system) - Genus » Noun, Capitalized, Underlined or Italicized - Species » Descriptive, Lower Case, Underlined or Italicized – Each species is assigned a two-part scientific name • Exp. Ursus arctos Carolus von Linnaeus (1707-1778) Scientist who laid foundation for modern taxonomy System of Classification • Linnaeus’s hierarchical system of classification includes seven levels (from largest to smallest) Grizzly Bear (common name) – Kingdom – Phylum – Class – Order – Family – Genus – Species Animalia Chordata Mammalia Each of the levels is called a TAXON Carnivora Ursidae Ursus arctos Ursus arctos (scientific name) System of Classification • Taxonomic categories –Kingdom –Phylum –Class –Order –Family –Genus –Species pneumonic device King Philip Came Over For Good Soup Dichotomous Keys Identify Organisms Dichotomous keys contain pairs of contrasting descriptions. After each description, the key directs the user to another pair of descriptions or identifies the organism. Example: 1. a) Is the leaf simple? Go to 2 b) Is the leaf compound? Go to 3 2. a) Are margins of the leaf jagged? Go to 4 b) Are margins of the leaf smooth? Go to 5 3. a) Leaflets attached at one central point? Buckeye b) Leaflets attached at several points? Go to 7 www.BioEdOnline.org Kingdoms and Domains • Domain – Most inclusive category – Larger than a kingdom – There are 3 » Eukarya – includes the kingdoms • Protists, Fungi, Plants & Animals » Bacteria – corresponds to the kingdom Eubacteria » Archaea – corresponds to the kingdom Archaebacteria Kingdom Fungi Cell Type: Eukaryotic – most Multicellular / some Unicellular (yeast) Structure: all have cell walls made of chitin Obtain nutrients: Heterotrophs (by absorption) – external digestion; breaks down dead or decaying matter Examples: Mushrooms, Mold, Yeast www.BioEdOnline.org The Kingdom Eubacteria Common name: Bacteria Streptococcus mutans (can cause endocarditis and dental caries) Cell Type: Prokaryotic - Unicellular Structure: All have cell wall with Peptidogylcan Obtain nutrients: autotroph or heterotroph Basic shapes are cocci, bacilli, spirilla Reproduce by binary fission Examples: E. coli, streptococcus, staphylococcus, lactobacillus Bacillus anthracis (spores can live in soil for years) www.BioEdOnline.org The Kingdom Archaebacteria Cell Type: Prokaryotic - Unicellular Structure: All contin cell wall without peptidogylcan Obtain nutrients: autotroph or heterotroph Examples: Methanogens—poisoned by O2 Thermaphiles—live in extreme temperatures Halophiles—live in high saline www.BioEdOnline.org The Kingdom Protista A classification problem Cell Type: Eukaryotic –Unicellular or Multicellular Structure: Some have cell walls, some move with flagella, pseudopods or cilia Obtain nutrients: Autotrophic (plant-like) and heterotrophic (animal-like) Entamoeba histolytica Examples: Amoeba, paramecium, diatom, euglena www.BioEdOnline.org The Kingdom Plantae Cell Type: Eukaryotic – Multicellular Structure: cell wall with cellulose Sunflowers in Fargo, North Dakota Obtain nutrients: Autotrophs (by the process of photosynthesis which makes glucose) Examples: Flowers, trees, grass Ginkgo biloba Ginkgos are often very long-lived. Some specimens are thought to be more than 3,500 years old. www.BioEdOnline.org Kingdom Animalia Cell Type: Eukaryotic – Multicellular Colony of sponges Structure: no cell walls Obtain nutrients: Heterotrophic (by ingestion – must eat) Examples: Sponges, reptiles, mammals Txodes scapularis Deer tick www.BioEdOnline.org Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species Six Kingdoms