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Cloning Chapter 20 What you need to know! • The terminology of biotechnology • The steps in gene cloning with special attention to the biotechnology tools that make cloning possible Cloning • Clones are genetically identical organisms • Natural Clones are: – Bacteria that underwent binary fission – Organisms that reproduce through asexual reproduction – Identical twins • Artificial clones are organisms produced from the DNA of a somatic cell (skin cells, udder cells, etc.) In-Vitro Fertilization • Simulated to create clones 1. Estrogen overdose leads to multiple ovulations 2. Eggs are harvested 3. Eggs are exposed to sperm in a petri-dish 4. Fertilized zygotes begin cellular division 5. Implant multiple zygotes into hormonally prepared uterus Embryo Splitting • Artificial identical twins Nuclear Transfer 1. Take egg cell and remove the nucleus with a microscopic pipette 2. Insert a nucleus from a somatic cell into the modified egg cell 3. Hormonal treatment induces the egg cell to start dividing 4. Transplant into a surrogate mother for further development Nuclear Transfer Cloning Today • Scientific study – Dolly the sheep • Food – Beef, vegetables • Clone-A-Pet-Services – Clone lost pets – $30,000 - $50,000