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Agricultural Biotechnology Altering Genes in Plants to Fight Pests and Improve Nutrition Unique Methods for Plants Entire plants can be cultivated from a single non-reproductive cell Add gene cell with new gene mass of cells (callus) new plant Unique Methods for Plants Rhizosecretion Transgenic plant grown in water Expression of gene in root cells Secretion of gene product into surrounding medium Tools of Agricultural Biotechnology Vectors Ti plasmid (tumor inducing) Viruses From a bacterium that infects plants Causes tumors Used for dicots Specific for plant types Used for monocots Ti Plasmid • • • • Tumor-inducing plasmid from bacteria that integrates into plant DNA Tumor-inducing genes removed Insertion genes retained Foreign genes positioned after bacterial promoter Antibiotic resistance gene as marker Clarification Pause • With a partner, identify differences in biotechnological methods used for plants and animals – items to consider • gene delivery • transgenic organisms • gene expression • collection of the gene product Plant Improvements Resistance to Pests Bt Corn: Produces its own Pesticide Insect pests Gene for Bt toxin inserted into plants Bt = Bacillus thuringiensis Bt toxin = crystals that dissolve connections between cells in insect gut Plant Improvements Resistance to Pests Viruses •Ti plasmid carrying genes for viral capsid proteins into tomato and tobacco plants •Mechanism of protection against viruses is unclear •Possibilities: •viral protein blocks replication •viral proteins bind cellular receptors Plant Improvements Resistance to Herbicides Glyphosate (Roundup) Insert gene for mutant EPSPS enzyme that is less sensitive to Roundup EPSPS = enzyme needed to synthesize amino acids essential for growth Use of Ti plasmid to transfer gene Roundup Ready Soybeans Traditional Soybeans Effects of Treatment with Roundup Plant Improvements Improved Food Quality Improved Handling and Storage Flavr-Savr Tomato Potato that Resists Bruising Flavr-Savr Tomato softens more slowly after ripening Plant Improvements Improved Food Quality Flavr- Savr Tomato •Interference with the production of the enzyme polygalacturonase (polyGal) by antisense technology •antisense sequence to polyGal mRNA is produced •antisense sequence binds to polyGal mRNA and blocks production of the enzyme •Vector also contains antibiotic resistance to kanamycin as marker Antisense Technology Blocks the expression of a gene by producing a product that combines with mRNA from the gene Promoter Original Gene Sense strand mRNA Promoter Template Antisense construct 3’-TACGGTCGCCTG-5’ 5’-ATGCCAGCGGAC-3’ 5’-ATGCCAGCGGAC-3’ 3’-TACGGTCGCCTG-5’ 5’-AUGCCAGCGGAC-3’ 3’-UACGGUCGCCUG-5’ mRNA AUGCCAGCGGAC UACGGUCGCCUG mRNA cannot be translated Antisense product Antisense product Plant Improvements Improved Food Quality Nutrient Enhanced Foods Rice with beta-carotene and extra iron Improved Protein Corn Improved Oil Canola “Golden” rice Plant Improvements Pharmaceutical Production in Plants 1. Soy and Corn seeds for production and storage of protein products 2. Transgenic vegetables as vaccines Cytokines Blood Clotting Factors 3. Pharmaceutical delivery by Rhizosecretion Tested with jellyfish protein Vaccine against travelers diarrhea in potatoes Plant Improvements Textile, paper and wood products 1. Changes to facilitate Gene for biodegradable plastic introduced into cotton manufacturing Bacteria producing blue dye Roundup Ready Cotton 2. Introduction of herbicide resistance 3. Resistance to pests Bt cotton, Bt trees Applying Your Knowledge 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. A. B. C. Golden Rice Improved Oil Canola Roundup Ready Soybeans Bt corn Flavr-Savr Tomato Which plant has a gene for an altered amino acid synthesis EPSPS enzyme? Which plant makes its own pesticide? Which plant provides beta-carotene, a precursor to Vitamin A? What Are the Concerns?