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Transcript
Classification
• Old 5 Kingdom system
•
•
•
•
•
Eukaryote
Prokaryote
Monera
Protists
Plants
Fungi
Animals
• New 3 Domain system
• Bacteria
• Archaebacteria
• Eukaryotes
– Protists
– Plants
– Fungi
– Animals
Archaebacteria
&
Bacteria
Prokaryotes
Domain Bacteria
Domain Archaebacteria
Domain
Bacteria
Domain
Archaea
Common ancestor
Domain
Eukarya
Simple Bacterial Cell
make certain to copy the URL
Prokaryote cell COMPOSITION!
Macromolecule
Primary Subunits
Proteins
amino acids
Polysaccharides
Flagella, pili, cell walls, cytoplasmic
membranes, ribosomes, cytoplasm
sugars (carbohydrates)
Phospholipids
fatty acids
Nucleic Acids
nucleotides
(DNA/RNA)
Where found in cell
capsules, inclusions (storage), cell walls
membranes
DNA: nucleoid (chromosome), plasmids
rRNA: ribosomes; mRNA, tRNA: cytoplasm
Prokaryote cell Structure
• Unicellular
– bacilli, cocci, spirilli
• Size
– 1/10 size of eukaryote cell
• 1 micron (1um)
• Internal structure
– no internal compartments
• no membrane-bound organelles
• only ribosomes
– circular, naked DNA
• not wrapped around proteins
Morphology
Cocci –
Staph aureus
Bacillus –
Bacillus anthracis
Spirilla Borrelia burgdorferi
“department of redundancancy
department” – more “mor”phology
Staining Characteristics
Gram +
Gram –
Stains according to the thickness of the peptidoglycan layer!
Prokaryote Cell Wall Structure
Gram-positive bacteria
peptide side
chains
cell wall
peptidoglycan
plasma membrane
protein
peptidoglycan = polysaccharides + amino acid chains
lipopolysaccharides = lipids + polysaccharides
Gram-negative bacteria
cell wall
outer membrane of
lipopolysaccharides
outer
membrane
peptidoglycan
plasma
membrane
Prokaryotic metabolism
• How do bacteria acquire their energy & nutrients?
– autotrophs
• acquire carbon from inorganic sources(CO2)
– phototrophs
• photosynthetic bacteria
– chemotrophs
• oxidize inorganic compounds/chemicals
– nitrogen, sulfur, hydrogen…
– heterotrophs
• live on plant & animal matter
• decomposers & pathogens
Bacteria as beneficial (&
necessary)
• Life on Earth is dependent on bacteria
– decomposers
• recycling of nutrients from dead to living
– nitrogen fixation
• only organisms that can fix N2 from atmosphere
– needed for synthesis of proteins & nucleic acids
– plant root nodules
– help in digestion (E. coli)
• digest cellulose for herbivores
– cellulase enzyme
• produce vitamins K & B12 for humans
– produce foods & medicines
• from yogurt to insulin
Genetic variation in bacteria
• Mutations
– bacteria can reproduce every 20 minutes
• binary fission
– error rate in copying DNA
• 1 in every 200 bacteria has a mutation
• Genetic recombination
– bacteria swap genes
• plasmids
– small supplemental
circles of DNA
The END!!!!!!!
As far as learning is concerned –
“DO or DO NOT there is not try!!!!!”