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Transcript
Classification • Old 5 Kingdom system • • • • • Eukaryote Prokaryote Monera Protists Plants Fungi Animals • New 3 Domain system • Bacteria • Archaebacteria • Eukaryotes – Protists – Plants – Fungi – Animals Archaebacteria & Bacteria Prokaryotes Domain Bacteria Domain Archaebacteria Domain Bacteria Domain Archaea Common ancestor Domain Eukarya Simple Bacterial Cell make certain to copy the URL Prokaryote cell COMPOSITION! Macromolecule Primary Subunits Proteins amino acids Polysaccharides Flagella, pili, cell walls, cytoplasmic membranes, ribosomes, cytoplasm sugars (carbohydrates) Phospholipids fatty acids Nucleic Acids nucleotides (DNA/RNA) Where found in cell capsules, inclusions (storage), cell walls membranes DNA: nucleoid (chromosome), plasmids rRNA: ribosomes; mRNA, tRNA: cytoplasm Prokaryote cell Structure • Unicellular – bacilli, cocci, spirilli • Size – 1/10 size of eukaryote cell • 1 micron (1um) • Internal structure – no internal compartments • no membrane-bound organelles • only ribosomes – circular, naked DNA • not wrapped around proteins Morphology Cocci – Staph aureus Bacillus – Bacillus anthracis Spirilla Borrelia burgdorferi “department of redundancancy department” – more “mor”phology Staining Characteristics Gram + Gram – Stains according to the thickness of the peptidoglycan layer! Prokaryote Cell Wall Structure Gram-positive bacteria peptide side chains cell wall peptidoglycan plasma membrane protein peptidoglycan = polysaccharides + amino acid chains lipopolysaccharides = lipids + polysaccharides Gram-negative bacteria cell wall outer membrane of lipopolysaccharides outer membrane peptidoglycan plasma membrane Prokaryotic metabolism • How do bacteria acquire their energy & nutrients? – autotrophs • acquire carbon from inorganic sources(CO2) – phototrophs • photosynthetic bacteria – chemotrophs • oxidize inorganic compounds/chemicals – nitrogen, sulfur, hydrogen… – heterotrophs • live on plant & animal matter • decomposers & pathogens Bacteria as beneficial (& necessary) • Life on Earth is dependent on bacteria – decomposers • recycling of nutrients from dead to living – nitrogen fixation • only organisms that can fix N2 from atmosphere – needed for synthesis of proteins & nucleic acids – plant root nodules – help in digestion (E. coli) • digest cellulose for herbivores – cellulase enzyme • produce vitamins K & B12 for humans – produce foods & medicines • from yogurt to insulin Genetic variation in bacteria • Mutations – bacteria can reproduce every 20 minutes • binary fission – error rate in copying DNA • 1 in every 200 bacteria has a mutation • Genetic recombination – bacteria swap genes • plasmids – small supplemental circles of DNA The END!!!!!!! As far as learning is concerned – “DO or DO NOT there is not try!!!!!”
