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Nutley High School – Biology
2nd QUARTER REVIEW
NJ BIOLOGY COMPETENCE TEST – 2010
Reviews 2010 NJ CCCS in Biology:
5.1.12 A-C, 5.3.12 A1, 5.3.12A2,5.3.12.B.2, 5.3.12A3
SUCCESSFUL COMPLETION OF THE BIOLOGY COMPETENCE TEST IS A
GRADUATION REQUIREMENT
Deoxyribonucleic Acid
•DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) contains all the
information to make every protein for our bodies.
•Structure:
•2 parallel strands of nucleotides.
•A nucleotide is made up of three parts:
a sugar, a phosphate group, a nitrogen base
•Bases: A, T, G, C (the bases are complementary)
Question #1
A molecule of DNA is a polymer composed of:
A. Glucose
B. Amino acids
C. Fatty acids
D. Nucleotides
Question #2
A segment of a DNA strand has the following bases: TAC GAT
What is the complementary strand of DNA?
A.
B.
C.
D.
UAG
TAG
ATG
AUG
CAU
CAT
CTA
CUA
Question #3
The picture shows an X-Ray diffraction of DNA. The X–Ray
diffraction of DNA led to the idea that DNA:
A. Is a double helix
B. Contains paired base
C. Can copy itself
D. Is a very long molecule
Question #4
The presence of DNA is important for cellular
metabolic activities because DNA:
A.
B.
C.
D.
Directs the production of enzymes
Is a structural component of cell walls
Directly increases the solubility of nutrients
Is the major component of cytoplasm
Question #5
Tissue samples taken from the heart and stomach of a
grasshopper would be expected to have the same:
A. Cell shape
B. Cell size
C. DNA
D. Metabolic rate
Question #6
The chart shows the range of numbers
of nucleotides among species of
different groups of plants. Which of
these groups has the largest range of
nucleotide numbers among its species?
A. Bryophyta (mosses and liverworts)
B. Lycopsida (club mosses)
C. Gymnospermae (cedars and pines)
D. Pteropsida (ferns)
Question #7
Which series of bases will complete this strand of DNA?
A.
B.
C.
D.
CCT GAT
ACT GGC
GTA GGC
TCA GGG
Question #8
The process of cloning involves making an identical copy of a cell's:
A. Cytoplasm
B. DNA
C. Ribosomes
D. ATP
Question #9
One strand of DNA could be as long as a football field if it
were stretched out lengthwise. One of the factors allowing
DNA to fit inside the nucleus of a cell is its ability to:
A. Break apart into separate genes
B. Extend to form very long, thin molecules
C. Denature from the effect of an enzyme
D. Coil tightly around associated proteins
The Cell Cycle
The Phases of the
Cell Cycle:
•Interphase
•Prophase
•Metaphase
•Anaphase
•Telophase
•Cytokinesis
Interphase – The Cell spends the majority of
its life here, growing and functioning. During
the S Phase of the Cell Cycle, the DNA
replicates, in anticipation of Mitosis (division)
In Early Prophase of Mitosis the Chromosomes
get small, centrioles move to the poles of the
nucleus, and spindle fibers develop
Pair of
Centrioles
Chromosomes
consisting of 2
Sister
Chromatids
Spindle Fibers
Late Prophase happens when the
Nuclear Envelope disintegrates and
spindle fibers begin to move
Chromosomes toward the center of cell.
Spindle Fibers
Chromosomes
During Metaphase the Chromosomes line
up across center of the cell, also called the
equator, or Metaphase plate.
Spindle Fibers
Equator, or Metaphase Plate
Chromosomes
In Anaphase the Chromatids that make up each
Chromosome move apart and travel to opposite
ends of cellular spindle
Daughter Chromosomes
Chromatid
Chromosome
In Telophase an envelope surrounds each set of
Chromatids to form new Nucleus and the
Cytoplasm starts to divide
Cleavage Furrow
Cytokinesis takes place when the Cytoplasm
divides and two cells with identical genetic
material are formed
Daughter Cells
Question #10
Which of the following phases takes up most of the cell cycle?
A. Interphase
B. Prophase
C. Mitosis
D. Anaphase
E. Telophase
Question #11
Mitosis is most important for a kitten’s :
A. Vision
B. Respiration
C. Growth
D. Metabolism
E.Cuteness
Meiosis
 Produces new sex cells (gametes)
 Male = Sperm
 Female = Eggs
 Only occurs in cells of reproductive organs
 All other cells undergo mitosis
 Haploid sperm and egg fuse to produce a diploid cell
 Really 2 consecutive divisions:
 Meiosis I
 Meiosis II
Question #12 - Matching
 Complete the matching section on your study guide.
 Please note that some answers may be used more than once
Question #13
Which term best describes the type of cell division in which
parent cells produce daughter cells with the same number of
chromosomes as the parent cells?
A. Mitosis
B. Meiosis
C. Spermatogenesis
D. Oogenesis
Question #14
The body cells of an individual plant have 50 chromosomes. How many
chromosomes would be found in the gametes produced this plant?
A. 5
B. 10
C. 25
D. 50
Question #15
Meiosis is the process by which gametes are produced. In
which of the following human organs does meiosis occur?
A. Liver
B. Pancreas
C. Skin
D. Testis
Question #16
Before a cell goes through either mitosis or meiosis,
which process must occur within the nucleus?
A. Replication
B. Nondisjunction
C. Transcription
D. Translation
Protein Synthesis
DNA  RNA  Proteins
 Proteins are made of long chains of amino acids.
 DNA must stay in the nucleus…to make proteins, the cell uses RNA.
 mRNA Function-transmits information from DNA to use during protein synthesis.
 CODON-3-base sequence of mRNA that codes for a specific amino acid.
 START CODON-tells the ribosome to begin using the mRNA as a
template to bring and assemble a chain of amino acids (begin translation).
 STOP CODON-tells the ribosome to stop
using the mRNA as a template. No more
amino acids are brought and assembled
Stops translation, ends assembly of the protein
Codon Chart
 tRNA Function-transfers amino acids into the growing polypeptide chain in
the correct sequence
 ANTICODON-3-base sequence that complements (fits into) an
mRNA codon.
 2 Parts of Protein Synthesis:
 TRANSCRIPTION-mRNA is
produced from DNA in the nucleus.
 TRANSLATION-the process of
reading the mRNA and using it to
assemble the amino acid chain.
Takes place in ribosome.
Question #17
Which mRNA sequence complements the above section of DNA?
A. C U A G G A
B. T C G A A G
C. C T A G G C
D. A G C U U C
Question #18
This chart compares the base sequences of homologous segments
of DNA from three primates. Based on this information, how
many differences in the resulting amino acid sequences would
you expect to find between humans and chimpanzees?
A. 6
B. 2
C. 3
D. 4
Question #19
One method of determining the classification of an animal is by
comparing the amino acid sequence. Which of the animals listed
below most closely resembles the unknown animal?
A. Horse:
Met-Gly-Ser-Ser-Tyr-Arg-Arg-Asp-His-Glu-Lys-Asp
B. Dog:
Met-Gly-Ser-Tyr-Tyr-Arg-His-Asp-Glu-Lys-Asp
C. Cat:
Met-Gly-Ser-Tyr-Tyr-Arg-His-His-Arg-Cys-Thre-Asp
D. Mouse:
Met-Gly-Ser-Tyr-Tyr-Arg-His-Glu-Val-Val-Leu
Unknown Animal:
Met-Gly-Ser-Tyr-Tyr-Arg-His-His-Glu-Lys-Asp
Question #20
Amino acids link together by peptide bonds to form proteins.
In which cellular organelle would this process occur?
a.
b.
c.
d.
Nucleus
Ribosome
Golgi Apparatus
Lysosome
Question #21
Which of these is most responsible for carrying coded information
from the nucleus?
a.
b.
c.
d.
Ribosomes
Cell membrane
mRNA
ATP
Question #22
After a culture of cells is allowed to multiply and is viewed through a
microscope, the cells are X-rayed with high-energy radiation for less
than 1/100th of a second. After the radiation, many newly
reproduced cells appear different. What has probably occurred?
a.
b.
c.
d.
Differentiation
Bacterial infection
Contamination
Mutation
Genetics
Mendel’s Postulates
 PRINCIPLE (LAW) OF DOMINANT AND RECESSIVE
 One factor in a pair may mask, or cover up, the other factor
 DOMINANT (allele)-can mask or dominate the other factor and is displayed most often.
 RECESSIVE (allele)-the factor that can be covered up; is displayed less often.
 GENE- a segment of DNA that codes for a specific characteristic (protein).
 Ex: Gene that codes for plant height
 ALLELE-the different forms of a gene (Mendel’s “factor”)
 Ex: Different versions of plant height gene: tall or short
 PRINCIPLE (LAW) OF SEGREGATION
 The two alleles for a gene are split up (or segregated) during meiosis (the
formation of eggs or sperm).
 PRINCIPLE (LAW) OF INDEPENDENT ASSORTMENT
 The alleles for different traits are distributed into gametes independently
(randomly).
Genetics Terms to Know:
 TRAIT- specific hereditary options available for each characteristic.
 Ex: tall height/short height, brown hair/blonde hair, brown eyes/blue eyes
 GENOTYPE-the genetic makeup of an organism; the combination of alleles
an organism inherits
 PHENOTYPE-the trait displayed based on the genotype
 HOMOZYGOUS- organism has 2 of the same alleles for a trait.
 Homozygous Dominant-has 2 dominant alleles; dominant trait is displayed
 Homozygous Recessive-has 2 recessive alleles; recessive trait is displayed
 HETEROZYGOUS-organism has 1 dominant and 1 recessive allele; the
dominant trait is displayed.
Question #23
An inheritable mutation may occur if an organism has a change in its:
A. appendages
B. internal organs
C. DNA structure
D. ATP production rates
Question #24
External sources, such as radiation or chemicals, can cause mutations
in genes or entire chromosomes. For a mutation to pass on to
offspring, it must occur in a:
a.
b.
c.
d.
Bone Cell
Muscle Cell
Brain Cell
Gamete
Question #25
In snapdragons, the combined expression of both alleles for flower
color produces a new phenotype that is pink. This illustrates
incomplete dominance. The Punnett square above shows that both
the white and red snapdragons are homozygous. Which of the
following would be the correct product from a cross between two
heterozygous pink snapdragons?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Red, white, and pink offspring
All pink offspring
All red offspring
Only red and white offspring
Question #26
The chances of developing cancer, diabetes, or sickle-cell anemia are
higher if a family member also has the disorder because they are:
a.
b.
c.
d.
Passed through blood contact
Related to diet
Genetically based
Highly infectious
Question #27
The Human Genome Project was begun in 1988 by scientists
from 13 nations as a worldwide effort to understand the
sequencing of all of the DNA in the human body. What is one
potential scientific benefit of this research?
a.
b.
c.
d.
It will help to explain human cultural differences
It will create communication between research centers
It will help find the genes responsible for many diseases
It helps to classify humans most accurately in the animal kingdom
Question #28
• Two plants are crossed, and the traits of height and color are assessed in
the offspring. The following cross was conducted: TTPP x ttpp.
T = dominant allele for height, tall plant
t = recessive allele for height, short plant
P = dominant allele for color, purple
p = recessive allele for color, white
• Which of the following choices correctly
describes the offspring?
a. ¾ of the plants are short and white
b. ¾ of the plants are tall and purple
c. All are tall and purple
d. All are short and white
Question #29
Several matings between the same male black guinea pig and
female brown guinea pig produce a total of 12 brown and
14 black guinea pigs. If black is dominant and brown is
recessive, what are the genotypes of the parents?
a.
b.
c.
d.
BB × bb
Bb × bb
BB × Bb
Bb × Bb
Question #30
In squash plants, yellow fruit (Y) is dominant to white
fruit (y). If two plants heterozygous for yellow fruit are
crossed, what are the possible genotypes of the offspring?
a. Yy only
b. YY,Yy, yy only
c. YY, yy only
d. Yy, yy only
Question #31
In pea plants, tall plants are dominant to short plants. If two
heterozygous tall plants are crossed, what percent of the offspring
will probably be short?
A. 75%
B. 50%
C. 25%
D. 0%
Question #32
Punnett Square for Corn Height
Square 4 of this Punnett square represents
the genotype of the offspring if :
A.
B.
C.
D.
Ovule T is fertilized by pollen grain T
Ovule t is fertilized by pollen grain T
Ovule T is fertilized by pollen grain t
Ovule t is fertilized by pollen grain t
Question #33
This human karyotype is unusual
because chromosome set :
A.
B.
C.
D.
5 has chromosomes of different shapes
10 is missing genetic material
1 has enlarged centromeres
21 has extra genetic material
Question #34
A chart of human chromosome pairs is called a karyotype.
What information is revealed in the karyotype below?
A. The sex
B. The age
C. Trisomy
D. Gene dominance
Question #35
Which of these is NOT an inherited trait?
A. Eye color
B.Tendency to grow hair on fingers
C.Type of blood
D. Style of handwriting
Question #36
Dr. F. Agnes Stroud-Lee determines the origins of birth defects
by studying chromosome abnormalities. Dr. Stroud-Lee’s
research could involve all of these topics EXCEPT:
A. chemicals that alter the DNA arrangement
B. plants that show variable rates of photosynthesis
C. radiation that can pass through cytoplasm
D. mitosis that produces multiple copies of genetic material