Download 14–3 Human Molecular Genetics

Biology
Biology
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14–3 Human Molecular
14-3 Human Molecular Genetics
Genetics
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14–3 Human Molecular Genetics
Interest Grabber
Section 14-3
Bioethics and You
As you become more aware of scientific advances in genetics, you
might realize that with the ability to manipulate genes, there
comes responsibility. This ability provides an opportunity to
improve the lives of many people. But there is also a potential for
errors or intentional misuse of the technology.
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Interest Grabber continued
Section 14-3
Working with a partner, answer the following
questions.
1. In what type of situation do you think genetic engineering—
changing the genes of organisms—is warranted? Explain your
reasoning about your position. If you do not think that genetic
engineering is ever warranted, explain your reasons for your
position.
2. In what type of situation do you think genetic engineering might
be misused? Suggest limits that might be placed on the
manipulation of genes to avoid its misuse.
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14–3 Human Molecular Genetics
Human DNA Analysis
Human DNA Analysis
There are roughly 6 billion base pairs in your DNA.
Biologists search the human genome using
sequences of DNA bases.
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14–3 Human Molecular Genetics
Human DNA Analysis
Genetic tests are available for hundreds of
disorders.
DNA testing can pinpoint the exact genetic basis of
a disorder.
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14–3 Human Molecular Genetics
Human DNA Analysis
DNA Fingerprinting
DNA fingerprinting analyzes sections of DNA that
have little or no known function but vary widely
from one individual to another.
Only identical twins are genetically identical.
DNA samples can be obtained from blood, sperm,
and hair strands with tissue at the base.
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14–3 Human Molecular Genetics
Human DNA Analysis
Chromosomes
contain large
amounts of DNA
called repeats that do
not code for proteins.
This DNA pattern
varies from person to
person.
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14–3 Human Molecular Genetics
Human DNA Analysis
Restriction enzymes are used to cut the DNA into
fragments containing genes and repeats.
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14–3 Human Molecular Genetics
Human DNA Analysis
DNA fragments are
separated using gel
electrophoresis.
Fragments containing
repeats are labeled.
This produces a series
of bands—the DNA
fingerprint.
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14–3 Human Molecular Genetics
Human DNA Analysis
DNA Fingerprint
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14–3 Human Molecular Genetics
The Human Genome Project
The Human Genome Project
What is the goal of the Human Genome
Project?
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14–3 Human Molecular Genetics
The Human Genome Project
In 1990, scientists in the United States and
other countries began the Human Genome
Project.
The Human Genome Project is an ongoing
effort to analyze the human DNA
sequence.
In June 2000, a working copy of the human
genome was essentially complete.
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14–3 Human Molecular Genetics
The Human Genome Project
Research groups are analyzing the DNA sequence,
looking for genes that may provide clues to the basic
properties of life.
Biotechnology companies are looking for information
that may help develop new drugs and treatments for
diseases.
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14–3 Human Molecular Genetics
Promoter
Start
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Gene
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Stop
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14–3 Human Molecular Genetics
The Human Genome Project
A Breakthrough for Everyone
Data from publicly supported research on the
human genome have been posted on the Internet
on a daily basis.
You can read and analyze the latest genome data.
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14–3 Human Molecular Genetics
Gene Therapy
Gene Therapy
What is gene therapy?
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14–3 Human Molecular Genetics
Gene Therapy
In gene therapy, an absent or faulty
gene is replaced by a normal, working
gene.
The body can then make the correct
protein or enzyme, eliminating the cause of
the disorder.
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14–3 Human Molecular Genetics
Viruses are often used
because of their ability to
enter a cell’s DNA.
Gene Therapy
Normal hemoglobin gene
Virus particles are
modified so that they
cannot cause disease.
Genetically engineered virus
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14–3 Human Molecular Genetics
Gene Therapy
A DNA fragment containing a replacement gene is
spliced to viral DNA.
Bone marrow cell
Nucleus
Chromosomes
Genetically engineered virus
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14–3 Human Molecular Genetics
Gene Therapy
The patient is then infected with the modified virus
particles, which should carry the gene into cells to
correct genetic defects.
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14–3
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Continue to:
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DNA fingerprinting analyzes sections of DNA
that have
a. Little or no known function but are identical
from one individual to another.
b. little or no known function but vary widely
from one individual to another.
c. a function and are identical from one
individual to another.
d. a function and are highly variable from one
individual to another.
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DNA fingerprinting uses the technique of
a. gene therapy.
b. allele analysis.
c. gel electrophoresis.
d. gene recombination.
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Repeats are areas of DNA that
a. do not code for proteins.
b. code for proteins.
c. are identical from person to person.
d. cause genetic disorders.
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Data from the human genome project is
available
a. only to those who have sequenced the DNA.
b. to scientists who are able to understand the
data.
c. by permission to anyone who wishes to do
research.
d. to anyone with Internet access.
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Which statement most accurately describes
gene therapy?
a. It repairs the defective gene in all cells of the
body.
b. It destroys the defective gene in cells where
it exists.
c. It replaces absent or defective genes with a
normal gene.
d. It promotes DNA repair through the use of
enzymes.
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