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Gene Technology • I. Controlled breeding/Artificial Selection: breeding organisms with certain traits so that the offspring will have those traits. • A. Mass Selection- Crossing and growing plants with desired traits until the trait appears consistently Exbreeding wheat with more protein; rice with more iron • B. Inbreeding- crossing genetically similar organisms (closely related); purebred animals keep desired traits Exbreed race horses for speed • C. Hybridization- crossing genetically different organisms (2 different species) Ex- horse +donkey = mule; lion + tiger = liger • II. Genetic Engineering- the process of manipulating genes for practical purposes. Can be as simple as selective breeding and as complex as gene splicing. • A. Recombinant DNA- DNA that contains pieces of DNA form another organism • B. Gene splicing- type of genetic engineering process done by inserting genes from one organism into another organism’s existing DNA to make recombinant DNA • C. Plasmid- DNA of a bacteria in the shape of a circle • D. Steps in gene splicing-(see picture) • 1. Obtain a gene from “donor” (Ex- a human gene that makes insulin) • 2. Cut open the bacteria plasmid (ex- To make room for insulin gene) • 3. The donor gene is spliced into the plasmid DNA by connecting the ends of the DNA. The ends of the DNA are called sticky ends b/c they stick together due to base-pairing. • 4. The plasmid now produces what the donor gene codes for. (ex- bacteria will now make human insulin) • E. Enzymes used in gene splicing: • 1. Restriction enzymes- cut the DNA into the desired fragements • 2. DNA ligase- puts the plasmid and donor gene together • • • • F. Uses of recombinant DNA1. MedicineA. insulin for diabetics B. Hormones ex- human growth hormone for dwarfs • C. Vaccines- small pox, herpes • D. Can potentially cure genetic diseases by putting good genes into cells with bad genes ex- cystic fibrosis • 2. Agriculture • A. Makes crops resistant to disease and weedkillers • B. Alternative crops for tobacco farmers Cloning • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L1y-kfw_0o • From 3:10 • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jDzcwv du0GY • III. Cloning- making offspring that are genetically identical to the parent Exseedless fruit; first animal cloned was sheep named Dolly • Insert DNA of the organism to be cloned into an egg cell that has had its DNA removed. Implant egg cell into uterus of a female. • See picture • IV. Human genome projectscientists have mapped the genes of humans. –Helpful in curing genetic diseases. • V. Other uses • A. Used in solving crime and paternity • B. Gel Electrophoresis- a technique used to separate DNA molecules by their charge (+ or -) • C. DNA fingerprinting- the unique pattern an individual’s DNA forms during gel electrophoresis. • http://images.google.com/ imgres?imgurl=http://cg.s cs.carleton.ca/~morin/tea ching/compbio/f_s02gelel ect.gif&imgrefurl=http://cg .scs.carleton.ca/~morin/te aching/compbio/electro.ht ml&usg=__5VztdZxR9r2 BlQbvt0sEclYOK8=&h=450 &w=455&sz=24&hl=en&s tart=8&um=1&itbs=1&tbni d=GwMzyNC2t31OAM:&t bnh=127&tbnw=128&pre v=/images%3Fq%3Dgel %2Belectrophoresis%26u m%3D1%26hl%3Den%2 6client%3Dfirefoxa%26sa%3DN%26rls%3 Dorg.mozilla:enUS:official%26tbs%3Disc h:1