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Classical Genetics The Legacy of Gregor Mendel Or The Monk with the Missing “Peas” The Big Question Why do children look like their parents? That’s GENETICS! The scientific study of heredity Heredity: the passing down of traits from parents to offspring via genes and chromosomes Gregor Who started genetics? Gregor Mendel of course!!! Mendel Austrian monk in 1860’s Studied different traits of the garden pea Discovered the basic laws of genetics “Father of Genetics” More Mendel!!! 1st person to succeed in predicting how traits are passed from one generation to next Why is Mendel SO important? Studied one trait at a time Analyzed his data mathematically Looked at multiple traits Used multiple trials Why peas? Quick growing Lots of different traits So what did Mendel find out? Genes and Alleles GENE: section of DNA that determines a trait (Mendel called them factors) ALLELE: particular form of a trait (represented by letters) EX: plant size “T” is the tall allele “t” is the short allele Combinations of Alleles We get one allele from each parent Three TT: possible combinations homozygous dominant Tt: heterozygous tt: homozygous recessive Dominant/Recessive One allele is dominant over the other (capable of masking the recessive allele) PP = purple Pp = purple pp = white New Vocabulary Genotype - combination of alleles that an individual has. (TT, tt, Tt) Phenotype - physical appearance of a trait (Tall, Tall, Short) So how do we write this? Remember T = Tall and t = short So if a plant is.. Genotype Homozygous Dominant: TT Heterozygous: Tt tt Homozygous Recessive: Phenotype Tall Tall Short Punnett Square Father’s Genes way to show which genes can combine when an egg and sperm join Letters are used in place of genes Large letter = dominant gene (T) Small letter = recessive gene (t) Mother’s Genes A Punnett Square Large letter goes first in heterozygous organisms (Ff) Let’s do a cross between a pure dominant male (sperm) for free earlobes (FF) and a female (egg) who is heterozygous for free earlobes (Ff) F f F FF Ff F FF Ff F is dominant over f What are the expected results? F F F f FF Free Earlobes Ff Free Earlobes FF Free Earlobes Ff Free Earlobes