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• • Heterozygous • Nucleic Acid • Deoxyribose • Punnett square • • Karyotype • Allele • Zygote • Purebred • Hybrid • • Fertilization Homozygous Trait • Generation Heredity • Monohybrid cross Genetics • Dihybrid cross Inheritance • Segregation Genome • Nucleotide Gene • Pedigree Chromosome • Diploid Genotype • Dominant Phenotype • Recessive Haploid Gamete Meiosis Variation/variability Terms to Know and Use • Genome- The complete set of all chromosomes • Genetics- The study of heredity • Gene – A piece of DNA that controls the synthesis of a specific protein • Trait – expression of a gene: i.e. a purple flower, determined by DNA • Dominant trait - expressed over recessive trait when both are present • Recessive trait - not expressed when the dominant trait is present • Allele - a variation of a gene responsible for different versions of the same trait. Use letters to represent alleles (A or a, T or t) • Chromosome – condensed strand of DNA containing several genes • Locus - location of a gene/allele, on a chromosome • Haploid - one copy of a chromosome • Diploid - two copies of a chromosome • Gamete – haploid sex cell (sperm or egg) • Zygote - cell resulting from the fusion of two gametes, they are diploid • Genotype - the type of alleles on a chromosome: genetic makeup • Phenotype - The way a genotype is expressed: i.e. the color of a flower • Purebred - organisms that always pass the same genotype to their offspring • Hybrid - offspring resulting from crossbreeding two true breeding lines: F1 • Homozygous- genotype with two of the same type of allele ex: BB or bb, aka purebred • Heterozygous- genotype with two different alleles. Ex: Bb, aka hybrid I praise the tender flower, That on a mournful day Bloomed in my garden bower And made the winter gay. Its loveliness contented My heart tormented. I praise the gentle maid Whose happy voice and smile To confidence betrayed My doleful heart awhile; And gave my spirit deploring Fresh wings for soaring. The maid for very fear Of love I durst not tell: The rose could never hear, Though I bespake her well: So in my song I bind them For all to find them. 1822- 1884 Austrian monk Experimented with pea plants He thought that ‘heritable factors’ (genes) retained their individuality generation after generation 1831 Charles Darwin joins crew of Beagle 1839 Schleiden and Schwann propose the Cell Theory 1847 Semmelweiss proposes that infection is spread by contaminated hands of physicians. 1856 Mendel begins hybridization studies with garden peas 1857 Louis Pasteur (France) introduces the Germ Theory of Disease. 1859 Darwin publishes Origin of Species 1865 Mendel presents presents his results in transmission of phenotypic traits between the generations to the Brünn Society of Natural Sciences. 1900 Hugo de Vries in Holland, William Bateson in Great Britain, Franz Correns in Germany, and Erich Tschermak in Austria acknowledged Mendel's legacy, and hailed him as the true father of classical genetics. Mendel disagreed with the “Blending Theory” of inheritance. Started with 34 kinds peas Pisium sativum After 2 years he had 22 purebreds http://www.dnaftb.org/dnaftb/1/concept/index.html Tall Straight There are alternate forms of ‘genes’=alleles For each trait, organisms have 2 alleles, one from mom & one from dad Pollen and egg each carry 1 allele/trait because alleles segregate When only one allele is expressed & other has no noticeable effect, it is dominant http://www.sumanasinc.com/webcontent/anisam ples/nonmajorsbiology/independentassortment.ht ml 1. Plants must possess constant differentiating characteristics. 2. The hybrids of such plants must, during the flowering period, be protected from the influence of all foreign pollen, or be easily capable of such protection. 3. The hybrids and their offspring should suffer no marked disturbance in their fertility in the successive generations. Mendel's Laws of Inheritance 1st Law • Law of Segregation during gamete formation allele pairs separate or segregate, into different gametes • 1) The Law of Segregation: Each inherited trait is defined by a gene pair. Parental genes are randomly separated to the sex cells so that sex cells contain only one gene of the pair. Offspring therefore inherit one genetic allele from each parent when sex cells unite in fertilization • (Demonstrated with a “test cross” aka Punnett square). Smooth Tall Smooth Tall Smooth wrinkled short Tall wrinkled short Two chromosomes of one parent are represented on the left. Possible alleles passed on to the offspring are on the right. (Consider smooth or wrinkled peas AND tall or short plants) Mother contributes: True Breeding A or A A AA AA A AA AA Mother contributes: Cross Breeding a or a A Aa Aa A Aa Aa Law of Independent Assortment suggested that each allele pair segregates independently of other gene pairs during gamete formation 2) The Law of Independent Assortment: Genes for different traits are sorted separately from one another so that the inheritance of one trait is not dependent on the inheritance of another (Demonstrated with a dihybrid cross). http://www.sumanasinc.com/webcontent/anisamples/majorsbiology/i ndependentassortment.html So how can you show a cross with 2 traits? For example: Round and Yellow crosses with a Round and Yellow RrYy x RrYy Dihybrid Cross SsBb x SsBb Mother contributes: SB Sb SB SSBB sB sb SSBb SsBB SsBb Sb SSbB SSbb SsbB Ssbb sB sSBB sSBb ssBB ssBb sb sSbB sSbb ssbB ssbb Law of Dominance: The dominant gene will be expressed over the recessive gene 3) The Law of Dominance: An organism with alternate forms of a gene will express the form that is dominant.