Download week2

Recap
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Sometimes it is necessary to conduct Bad
Science
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often the product of having too much information
Human Genome Project changed natural
scientists perspective on data
Data Driven Science is alive and well
Agenda
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What are these things anyway…
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DNA
RNA
Protein Sequences
Genes
Central Dogma of Molecular Biology
DNA
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Deoxyribonucleic Acid
It’s the genetic material of organic life
4 different nucleotides
They bond together in polynucleotide chain
(a sequence)
Bonded by a phosphodiester bond
DNA
DNA
DNA
&
RNA
DNA & RNA
Double Helix
Double Helix
Central Dogma
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Proteins do all the work on cellular level
They act catalysts called Enzymes
They make everything work
Different cells do different things.
In each cell is the genetic blue print to do
everything
But only a small part of the blue print is used
by an individual cell.
RNA
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Single stranded
Ribonucleic acid
RNA makes a copy of a subsequence of DNA (a
gene)
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Called transcription
RNA then makes Proteins
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Called translation
Protein synthesis is complicated (take a biology course)
RNA & DNA
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RNA consists of A C G and U
DNA consists of A C G and T
The blue prints of organic life use a 4-symbol
encoding.
I often wonder why?
Genes
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Term used in many different ways
Narrow definition:
Genes are small sub-sequences of the DNA
that spell out instructions needed to make
the enzyme catalysts produced by cells.
Gene Expression
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The process of using the information stored in DNA
to make RNA and then a corresponding protein.
Parts of the DNA sequence are used to directly
transcribe RNA
Part of the DNA sequence help with the Expression
Process.
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They don’t actually make a protein but assist in the process.
Most of our DNA helps with Expression (we think)
Genes are only a small part of the entire Genome.