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BUILDING BLOCKS…. A CELL is the building block of all living things! / CELL THEORY: * All living things are made of cells Hooke * Cells are the basic units of structure and function of an organisms *Living cells come from other living cells Schleiden Schwann Virchow Some organisms are only 1 (one) cell big or UNICELLULAR! Some organisms have many cells or are MULTICELLULAR! •DNA is a long - Double helix strand which stores our genetic code • There are 4 base pairs •A – T •C - G DNA, DNA….where are you? I’m inside the NUCLEUS OF THE CELL! What is a Gene? Genes are made up of DNA Genes are instruction manuals for our bodies. Base pairs = Letters Genes = Words DNA = Book Different organisms have different #’s of chromosomes Humans have 46 THESE CELLS ONLY HAVE 23 CHROMOSOMES. SPERM WHY? (Answer on your notes) EGG Karyotype 2 of those 46 chromosomes determine whether you are a male or a female. They are called sex chromosomes (represented by X and Y). XX XY = female = male The cell drawing New terms to study • New terms: – Unicellular – Multicellular – Chromosomes – Body cell – 46 chromosomes – Sex cells – 23 chromosomes – Cell membrane – Nuclear membrane – Nucleus Gregor Mendel – Father of Genetics GREGOR MENDEL FATHER OF GENETICS •Worked as a MONK and loves Pea plants •Observable TRAITS •Tall pea plant with a short pea plant I got all TALL pea plants Example: We have two (1 from mom and 1 from dad) alleles for each gene. 1 2 1 2 1 2 HH Hh hH 1 2 hh 1 2 1 2 1 2 HH Hh hH Homozygous or “true” means two of the same alleles. HH ….. Straight hh ….. Hitchhikers Heterozygous or “hybrid means two different alleles. Ex. Hh 1 2 hh Heterozygous or Homozygous? B b aa zZ Zz QQ C c R R What will Hh look like? There are dominant and recessive alleles Dominant alleles capitol T letter = tall plant Recessive alleles lowercase t letter = short plant The “stronger” dominant allele masks the “weaker” recessive allele. Results HH = (the dominant allele will be shown) Hh = (the dominant H allele masks the recessive h allele) hh = (the recessive alleles can come through WRITE THESE DEFINITIONS ON THE BOTTOM OF YOUR NOTE SHEET The physical appearance of the organism is called the Phenotype . The genetic makeup of an organism is called the Genotype Hh . The Claw gene (C) Meet Mama and Papa Bear Mama Mama bear is homozygous dominant for the claw gene. Genotype: CC Phenotype: has claws Papa bear is homozygous recessive for the claw gene. Genotype: cc Phenotype: no claws Papa CC cc Step Two: Step Three: CCc c C c C c C C c c C c Meet Baby bear! : has Phenotype claws Fur Color (B) A male rat has a dominant gene for fur color, which is brown. (We will show the homozygous dominant gene as BB.) A female rat has the homozygous recessive gene for fur color, which is gray. (we will show this heterozygous recessive gene by the letters bb.) What will the genotype of the offspring look like? Hitchhikers Thumb(H) Mom has Straight Thumb (Tt) Dad has Hitchhikers Thumb (tt) Pea Pod Color (Y) Oh good. Peas! Green Pod color (Yy) Yellow Pod color (Yy) Earlobes (E) Mom is Heterozygous with Free earlobes Dad is Homozygous Recessive with attached earlobes Pea Plant Height (T) In pea plants, tall pea plants (T) are dominant over short pea plants (t). Construct a Punnett Square for a heterozygous tall pea plant and a short pea plant. T t t Tt tt t Tt tt What are the percentage of phenotypes? 50% tall 50% short A _____Pedigree______ is a “family tree” that tracks which family members have a trait. We use the following symbols to represent family members on pedigrees Homer Marge Bart Lisa Maggie Let’s We fill designed in the family a pedigree members for the affected Simpsons with investigating the long the trait eyelash of long gene. eyelashes. Long eyelashes (E) are dominant to short (E)- Long eyelashes eyelashes(e)(e).short eyelashes Marge has long eyelashes (EE) Homer does not (ee) Marge Bart WhatifififMaggie Maggie and What What Maggie’s first herto husband had were child got getmarried? three kids? married? Homer Lisa Maggie Trait (R) Mother is _____________ Father is _____________ Son is _____________ Daughter is _____________ Trait (H) Mother is _____________ Father is _____________ Son is _____________ Daughter is _____________ 1 10 12 14 DNA vs. RNA DNA: • Double helix •Stays in/found in Nucleus •Genetic information to make you RNA: • Single stranded •Moves out of nucleus •Carries the recipe (information) to make proteins BOTH: • Made up of 4 bases •Contain genetic information •Nucleic Acids BASIC STEPS TO MAKING PROTEIN 1) DNA is found inside the Nucleus of our cells. 2) DNA makes a single stranded copy of itself. This is called RNA. 3) RNA is similar to DNA, containing 4 base pairs, with one different letter (U instead of T) 4) This RNA moves out of the nucleus (called messenger RNA or mRNA) 5) mRNA travels to the RIBOSOMES (an organelle in the cell that makes proteins) 6) The RIBOSOMES read the recipe that mRNA is carrying. 7) The recipe has the information to bring in specific AMINO ACIDS to build the needed protein. 8) When the RIBOSOME reads “stop” on the recipe (mRNA). The amino acids fold together to make the protein. The protein moves to the needed area in the body. Mitosis – I P on a MAT 5 stages: 1) Interphase – resting phase 2) Prophase – DNA makes a copy 3) Metaphase – Chromosomes line up in center 4) Anaphase – Chromatids separate and move to opposite ends of cell 5) Telophase – Nucleus reappears and cell begins to divide. How many chromosomes are found in each new cell? MEIOSIS – division of sperm and egg cells Similar steps as in Mitosis, however, the end result is each cell has 23 Chromosomes. •Why do these cells have half the number of chromosomes as body cells? •23 +23 = 46 •What does the 23rd pair of chromosomes determine? •gender •A boy – XY A girl - XX An ALLELE is a version of a gene. We give each gene a letter … either lowercase or capitol Example: Gene controlling thumb shape = the letter H Straight Thumb allele = H Hitchhicker’s Thumb allele= . h . 1. R R W RW RW W RW RW 2. A O B AB BO O AO OO